![]() |
![]() |
|
(Mark One) |
||
x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
![]() |
![]() |
|
o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
![]() |
![]() |
|
Maryland | 27-4443543 | |
(State of incorporation) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
![]() |
![]() |
|
2925 Woodside Road Woodside, CA |
94062 | |
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |
(Registrants telephone number, including area code)
![]() |
![]() |
|
Title of Each Class | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | |
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | NASDAQ Capital Market |
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter periods as the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).Yes o No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrants knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer and smaller reporting company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||
Large accelerated filer o | Accelerated filer x | Non-accelerated filer o | Smaller reporting company o |
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).Yes o No x
The aggregate market value of common stock beneficially owned by non-affiliates of the Registrant on June 30, 2014, based on the closing price on that date of $10.57 on the NASDAQ Capital Market, was $203,542,146. For the purposes of calculating this amount only, all directors and executive officers of the Registrant have been treated as affiliates. There were 19,320,100 shares of the Registrants common stock outstanding as of March 16, 2015.
Portions of the registrants definitive Proxy Statement relating to the registrants 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days following the end of the Companys fiscal year, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K as indicated herein.
i
Item 1. | Business |
GSV Capital Corp. (the Company, we, our or GSV Capital) is an externally managed, non-diversified closed-end management investment company that has elected to be treated as a business development company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 1940 Act). Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolios total return, principally by seeking capital gains on our equity and equity-related investments. We invest principally in the equity securities of what we believe are rapidly growing venture capital-backed emerging companies. We acquire our investments through direct investments with prospective portfolio companies, secondary marketplaces for private companies and negotiations with selling stockholders. We may also invest on an opportunistic basis in select publicly-traded equity securities or certain non-U.S. companies that otherwise meet our investment criteria. Our investment activities are managed by GSV Asset Management, LLC (GSV Asset Management or investment adviser), and GSV Capital Service Company, LLC (GSV Capital Service Company or the administrator) provides the administrative services necessary for us to operate.
Our investment philosophy is premised on a disciplined approach of identifying potentially high-growth emerging companies across several key industry themes which may include, among others, social mobile, cloud computing and big data, internet commerce, sustainability and education technology. Our investment advisers investment decisions are based on a disciplined analysis of available information regarding each potential portfolio companys business operations, focusing on the companys growth potential, the quality of recurring revenues and cash flow and cost structures, as well as an understanding of key market fundamentals. Venture capital funds or other financial or strategic sponsors have invested in the vast majority of the companies that our investment adviser evaluates.
We seek to deploy capital primarily in the form of non-controlling equity and equity-related investments, including common stock, warrants, preferred stock and similar forms of senior equity, which may or may not be convertible into a portfolio companys common equity, and convertible debt securities with a significant equity component.
We seek to create a low-turnover portfolio that includes investments in companies representing a broad range of investment themes.
Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol GSVC. The net asset value per share of our common stock on December 31, 2014 was $14.80. On December 31, 2014, the last reported sale price of a share of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market was $8.63.
Our investment activities are managed by GSV Asset Management, an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, or the Advisers Act. GSV Asset Management is led by Michael T. Moe, our chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors. Mr. Moe is assisted by William Tanona, our chief financial officer, treasurer and corporate secretary, and Mark Flynn, our president, whom we refer to collectively as GSV Asset Managements senior investment professionals. Mr. Moe co-founded and previously served as chairman and chief executive officer of ThinkEquity Partners, an asset management and investment banking firm focusing on venture capital, entrepreneurial and emerging private companies. Prior to founding ThinkEquity, Mr. Moe served as Head of Global Growth Research at Merrill Lynch and before that served as Head of Growth Research and Strategy at Montgomery Securities.
We believe we benefit from the ability of our investment advisers senior investment professionals and board of advisers (the Advisory Board) to identify attractive investment opportunities, conduct diligence on and value prospective investments, negotiate terms, and manage and monitor a portfolio of those investments. Our investment advisers senior investment professionals and Advisory Board members have broad investment backgrounds, with prior experience at investment banks, commercial banks, unregistered investment funds and other financial services companies, and have collectively developed a broad network of contacts that provides us with an important source of investment opportunities.
1
We pay GSV Asset Management a fee for its services under the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement consisting of two components a base management fee and an incentive fee. See Business Investment Advisory Agreement.
We believe that society is experiencing a convergence of numerous disruptive trends, producing new high-growth markets. For example, the growth of both social networking and connected mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, has opened up new channels for communication and real-time collaboration. The number of devices and people that regularly connect to the Internet has increased dramatically in recent years, generating significant demand for always accessible, personalized and localized content and real-time online interactivity. Similarly, the advent of education technology, and insights with respect to how, and what, people learn, are also disrupting the traditional educational sector. These factors are creating opportunities for new market participants and significant growth for established companies with leading positions capitalizing on these trends.
At the same time, we believe that the initial public offering, or IPO, markets have experienced substantial structural changes which have made it significantly more challenging for private companies to go public. Volatile equity markets, a lack of investment research coverage for private and smaller companies and investor demand for a longer history of revenue and earnings growth have resulted in companies staying private significantly longer than in the past. In addition, increased public company compliance obligations such as those imposed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 have made it more costly and less attractive to become a public company. As a result, there are significantly fewer IPOs today than there were during the 1990s, with prospective public companies taking longer to come to market. For example, from 1991 2000, there were 4,361 IPOs in the United States, of which 1,701 were venture-capital backed. From 2011 2013 there were 401 IPOs, of which 198 were venture capital backed.
We seek to maintain a portfolio of potentially high-growth emerging private companies via a repeatable and disciplined investment approach, as well as to provide investors with access to such companies through our publicly traded common stock.
Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolios total return, principally by seeking capital gains on our equity and equity-related investments. We have adopted the following business strategies to achieve our investment objective:
| Identify high quality growth companies. Based on our extensive experience in analyzing technology trends and markets, we have identified the technology sub-sectors of social mobile, cloud computing and big data, internet commerce, sustainability and education technology, as opportunities where we believe companies are capable of producing substantial growth. We rely on our collective industry knowledge as well as an understanding of where leading venture capitalists are investing. |
We leverage a combination of our relationships throughout Silicon Valley and our independent research to identify leaders in our targeted sub-sectors that we believe are differentiated and best positioned for sustained growth. Our evaluation process is based on what we refer to as the four Ps:
| People Organizations led by strong management teams with in-depth operational focus |
| Product Differentiated and disruptive products with leading market positioning |
| Potential Large addressable markets |
| Predictability Ability to forecast and drive predictable and sustainable growth |
2
We consider these to be the core elements for identifying rapidly growing emerging companies.
| Acquire positions in targeted investments. We seek to add to our portfolio by sourcing investments at an acceptable price through our disciplined investing strategy. To this end, we utilize multiple methods to acquire equity stakes in private companies that are not available to many individual investors. |
Direct equity investments. We also seek direct investments in private companies. There is a large market among emerging private companies for equity capital investments. Many of these companies, particularly within the technology sector, lack the necessary cash flows to sustain substantial amounts of debt, and therefore have viewed equity capital as a more attractive long-term financing tool. We seek to be a source of such equity capital as a means of investing in these companies and look for opportunities to invest alongside other venture capital and private equity investors with whom we have established relationships.
Private secondary marketplaces and direct share purchases. We utilize private secondary marketplaces as a means to acquire equity and equity-related interests in privately-held companies that meet our investment criteria and that we believe are attractive candidates for investment. We believe that such markets offer new channels for access to equity investments in private companies and provide a potential source of liquidity should we decide to exit an investment. In addition, we also purchase shares directly from stockholders, including current or former employees. As certain companies grow and experience significant increased value while remaining private, employees and other stockholders may seek liquidity by selling shares directly to a third party or to a third party via a secondary marketplace. Sales of shares in private companies are typically restricted by contractual transfer restrictions and may be further restricted by provisions in company charter documents, investor rights of first refusal and co-sale and company employment and trading policies, which may impose strict limits on transfer. We believe that our investment professionals reputation within the industry and history of investing affords us a favorable position when seeking approval for a purchase of shares subject to such limitations.
| Create access to a diverse investment portfolio. We seek to hold a varied portfolio of non-controlling equity investments, which we believe will minimize the impact on our portfolio of a negative downturn at any one specific company. We believe that our relatively diversified portfolio will provide a convenient means for accredited and non-accredited individual investors to obtain access to an asset class that has generally been limited to venture capital, private equity and similar large institutional investors. |
We believe that we will benefit from the following competitive advantages in executing our investment strategy:
| Experienced team of investment professionals. Our investment advisers senior investment professionals, its Advisory Board and our board of directors have significant experience researching and investing in the types of potentially rapidly growing venture capital-backed emerging companies we are targeting for investment. Through our proprietary company evaluation process, including our identification of technology trends and themes and company research, we believe we have developed important insight into identifying and valuing emerging private companies. |
| Disciplined and repeatable investment process. We have established a disciplined and repeatable process to locate and acquire available shares at attractive valuations by utilizing multiple sources. In contrast to industry aggregators that accumulate stock at market prices, we conduct valuation analyses and make acquisitions only when we can invest at valuations that we believe are attractive to our investors. Following this process, we have completed investments in the 52 companies in our portfolio as of December 31, 2014. |
| Deep relationships with significant credibility to source and complete transactions. GSV Asset Management and its senior investment professionals are strategically located in the heart of Silicon Valley in Woodside, California. During the course of over two decades of researching and investing |
3
in emerging private companies, our investment advisers senior investment professionals have developed strong reputations within the investing community, particularly within technology-related sectors. Our investment advisers Advisory Board members and our board of directors have also developed strong relationships in the financial, investing and technology-related sectors. |
| Source of permanent investing capital. As a publicly traded corporation, we have access to a source of permanent equity capital which we can use to invest in portfolio companies. This permanent equity capital is a significant differentiator from other potential investors that may be required to return capital to stockholders on a defined schedule. We believe that our ability to invest on a long-term time horizon makes us attractive to companies looking for strong, stable owners of their equity. |
| Early mover advantage. We believe we are one of the few publicly traded business development companies with a specific focus on investing in potentially rapidly growing venture capital-backed emerging companies. Moreover, we believe we are the only one to focus on acquiring shares in secondary transactions as a key component of our strategy. Despite our limited track record, the transactions that we have executed to date since our IPO have helped to establish our reputation with the types of secondary sellers and emerging companies that we target for investment. We have leveraged a number of relationships and channels to acquire the equity of private companies. As we continue to grow our portfolio with attractive investments, we believe that our reputation as a committed partner will be further enhanced, allowing us to source and close investments that would otherwise be unavailable. We believe that these factors collectively differentiate us from other potential investors in private company securities and will potentially enable us to complete equity transactions in desirable private companies at attractive valuations. |
GSV Capital was formed as a Maryland corporation that is an externally managed, non-diversified closed-end management investment company. We completed our initial public offering in May 2011 and have elected to be treated as a business development company under the 1940 Act. As a business development company, we are required to meet regulatory tests, including the requirement to invest at least 70% of our gross assets in qualifying assets. Qualifying assets generally include, among other things, securities of eligible portfolio companies. Eligible portfolio companies generally include U.S. companies that are not investment companies and that do not have securities listed on a national exchange. If at any time less than 70% of our gross assets are comprised of qualifying assets, including as a result of an increase in the value of any non-qualifying assets or decrease in the value of any qualifying assets, we would generally not be permitted to acquire any additional non-qualifying assets until such time as 70% of our then current gross assets were comprised of qualifying assets. We would not be required, however, to dispose of any non-qualifying assets in such circumstances. See Business Regulation as a Business Development Company. We may elect to be treated for federal income tax purposes as a RIC effective for the 2013 tax year. In September, 2014 we filed our 2013 tax return as a RIC and are seeking to be granted RIC status for our 2013 taxable year, however, we will not be eligible to elect to be treated as a RIC for the 2013 taxable year unless we are certified by the SEC (SEC Certification), as principally engaged in the furnishing of capital to other corporations which are principally engaged in the development or exploitation of inventions, technological improvements, new processes, or products not previously generally available for the 2013 taxable year. Although we filed an application with the SEC for an SEC Certification for the 2013 taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will receive an SEC Certification. In the event that we do not receive such SEC Certification or we are otherwise unable to meet all of the qualifications to be treated as a RIC for 2013, we will be taxed as a C Corporation for the 2013 taxable year. To that end, for purposes of our financial statements, we have accrued taxes as though we were a C Corporation for the 2013 taxable year, in the event we are unable to qualify as a RIC. Should we not qualify as a RIC for 2013, we intend to elect to be treated as a RIC for our 2014 taxable year, if management determines that it is in our best interests to do so. For example, it may not be in our best interests in the event that we experience large operating losses or have large loss carryforwards. If we opt not to do so or are unable to qualify, we will continue to be taxed as a C corporation under the Code for our 2014 taxable year. See Business Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.
4
Our investment activities are managed by GSV Asset Management and supervised by our board of directors. GSV Asset Management is an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act. Under our Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, which we refer to as the Investment Advisory Agreement, we have agreed to pay GSV Asset Management an annual base management fee based on our gross assets as well as an incentive fee based on our performance. See Business Investment Advisory Agreement. We have also entered into an administration agreement, which we refer to as the Administration Agreement, under which we have agreed to reimburse GSV Capital Service Company for our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred.
During the course of over two decades of researching and investing in non-public companies, we have identified five areas from which we expect to see significant numbers of high-growth companies emerge: new media, communication, alternative energy, education technology, and the consumerization of information technology. These broad markets have the potential to produce disruptive technologies, reach a large addressable market and provide significant commercial opportunities. Within these areas we have identified broad trends that could create significant positive effects on growth such as globalization, consolidation, branding, convergence and network effects. From within these broad technology themes, we have selected five sub-segments in which we target companies for investment: social mobile, cloud computing and big data, internet commerce, sustainability and education technology. We remain focused on selecting market leaders within the sub-segments we have identified, while continuing to review our pipeline to ensure we are tracking the next phase of leaders.
We identify prospective portfolio companies through an extensive network of relationships developed by our investment professionals, supplemented by the knowledge and relationships of our investment advisers Advisory Board and our board of directors. Investment opportunities that fall within our identified themes are validated against the observed behavior of leading venture capitalists and through our own internal and external research. We evaluate potential portfolio companies across a spectrum of criteria, including the four Ps, industry positioning and leadership, stage of growth, and several other factors that collectively characterize our proprietary investment process. We typically seek to invest approximately 90% of our portfolio in well-established, late stage companies and the remaining approximately 10% in emerging companies that fit within our targeted areas, where we see the potential for higher returns from early investment. Based on our initial screening, we identify a select set of companies which we evaluate in greater depth.
Once we identify those companies that we believe warrant more in-depth analysis, we focus on their revenue growth, revenue quality and sustainability and earnings growth, as well as other metrics that may be strongly correlated with higher valuations. We also focus on the companys management team and any significant financial sponsor, the current business model, competitive positioning, regulatory and legal issues, the quality of any intellectual property and other investment-specific due diligence. Each prospective portfolio company that passes our initial due diligence review is given a qualitative ranking to allow us to evaluate it against others in our pipeline, and we review and update these companies on a regular basis.
Our due diligence process will vary depending on whether we are investing through a private secondary transaction on a marketplace or with a selling stockholder or by direct equity investment. We access information on our potential investments through a variety of sources, including information made available on secondary marketplaces, publications by private company research firms, industry publications, commissioned analysis by third-party research firms, and, to a limited extent, directly from the company or financial sponsor. We utilize a combination of each of these sources to help us set a target value for the companies we ultimately select for investment.
5
Upon completion of our research and due diligence process, we select investments for inclusion in our portfolio based on their relative qualitative ranking, fundamentals and valuation. We seek to create a relatively varied portfolio that we expect will include investments in companies representing a broad range of investment themes. We generally choose to pursue specific investments based on the availability of shares and valuation expectations. We utilize a combination of secondary marketplaces, direct purchases from stockholders and direct equity investments in order to make investments in our portfolio companies. Once we have established an initial position in a portfolio company, we may choose to increase our stake through subsequent purchases. Maintaining a balanced portfolio is a key to our success, and as a result we constantly evaluate the composition of our investments and our pipeline to ensure we are exposed to a diverse set of companies within our target segments.
We enter into purchase agreements for each of our private company portfolio investments. Private company securities are typically subject to contractual transfer limitations, which may, among other things, give the issuer, its assignees and/or its stockholders a particular period of time, often 30 days or more, in which to exercise a veto right, or a right of first refusal over, the sale of such securities. Accordingly, the purchase agreements we enter into for secondary transactions typically require the lapse or satisfaction of these rights as a condition to closing. Under these circumstances, we are may be required to deposit the purchase price into escrow upon signing with the funds released to the seller at closing or returned to us if the closing conditions are not met.
We monitor the financial trends of each portfolio company to assess our exposure to individual companies as well as to evaluate overall portfolio quality. We establish valuation targets at the portfolio level and for gross and net exposures with respect to specific companies and industries within our overall portfolio. In cases where we make a direct investment in a portfolio company, we may also obtain board positions, board observation rights and/or information rights from that portfolio company in connection with our equity investment. We regularly monitor our portfolio for compliance with the diversification requirements for purposes of maintaining our status as a 1940 Act business development company and a RIC for tax purposes.
The following table shows the fair value of our portfolio of investments by asset class as of December 31, 2014, and 2013, excluding United States Treasury Bills.
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | |||||||||||||||
Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio | Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio | |||||||||||||
Private Portfolio Companies: |
||||||||||||||||
Common Stock | $ | 85,598,467 | 17.9 | % | $ | 81,410,161 | 22.2 | % | ||||||||
Preferred Stock | 193,847,045 | 40.5 | 129,925,500 | 35.5 | ||||||||||||
Common Membership Interest | | | 557,084 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||
Term Loans | 1,374,210 | 0.3 | 750,000 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||
Warrants | 904,345 | 0.2 | 489,657 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||
Subtotal Private Portfolio Companies | 281,724,067 | 58.9 | 213,132,402 | 58.2 | ||||||||||||
Publicly Traded Portfolio Companies: |
||||||||||||||||
Common Stock | 89,260,250 | 18.7 | 142,251,251 | 38.8 | ||||||||||||
Total Private and Publicly Traded Portfolio Companies: | 370,984,317 | 77.6 | 355,383,653 | 97.0 | ||||||||||||
Non-Portfolio Investments | 107,298,098 | 22.4 | 10,865,200 | 3.0 | ||||||||||||
Total Investments | $ | 478,282,415 | 100.0 | % | $ | 366,248,853 | 100.0 | % |
6
Our ten largest portfolio company investments at December 31, 2014, based on the combined fair value of the securities we hold in each portfolio company, were as follows:
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
||||||||||||
Portfolio Company | Industry | Cost | Fair Value | % of Net Asset Value | ||||||||||||
Twitter, Inc. | Social Communication | $ | 27,551,563 | $ | 57,413,522 | 20.08 | % | |||||||||
Palantir Technologies, Inc. | Cyber Security | 17,198,903 | 45,475,315 | 15.90 | ||||||||||||
Dropbox, Inc. | Online Storage | 13,656,926 | 25,068,483 | 8.77 | ||||||||||||
2U, Inc. (f/k/a 2tor, Inc.) | Online Education | 10,032,117 | 23,342,509 | 8.16 | ||||||||||||
Coursera, Inc. | Online Education | 14,519,519 | 14,510,855 | 5.08 | ||||||||||||
Solexel, Inc. | Solar Power | 14,018,399 | 14,027,466 | 4.91 | ||||||||||||
Avenue Global Holdings LLC(1) |
Globally-focused Private School | 10,151,854 | 11,303,410 | 3.95 | ||||||||||||
SugarCRM, Inc. | Customer Relationship Manager | 8,299,914 | 11,260,934 | 3.94 | ||||||||||||
OzyMedia, Inc. | Daily News and Information Site | 8,500,199 | 10,738,090 | 3.76 | ||||||||||||
Declara, Inc. | Social Cognitive Learning | 9,999,999 | 10,019,825 | 3.50 | ||||||||||||
Total | $ | 133,929,393 | $ | 223,160,409 | 78.05 | % |
(1) | Whittle Schools, LLC is a derivative investment with economics linked to Avenues Global Holdings LLC. |
Set forth below are descriptions of the ten largest portfolio investments as of December 31, 2014:
Twitter, Inc. A social networking company. Twitter, Inc. is a real-time information network that allows users to send and receive information.
Palantir Technologies, Inc. Solves critical intelligence and security issues for government agencies, banks, and large institutions.
Dropbox, Inc. A provider of cloud storage that enables users to store and share files across the internet.
2U, Inc. (f/k/a 2tor, Inc.) Partners with universities, providing technology solutions to manage students from recruitment to post-graduation job placement, as well as develop and deliver curriculum in a virtual environment.
Coursera, Inc. An education company that partners with the top universities and organizations in the world to offer courses online for anyone to take, for free.
Solexel, Inc. Is developing high-efficiency, low-cost, crystalline silicon solar cells and modules for photovoltaic electricity generation.
Avenues Global Holdings LLC A private pre-K through 12th grade school that aspires to ultimately become a single school with multiple integrated global campuses, raising the global standard for top-tier private schools.
SugarCRM, Inc. An affordable and easy-to-use customer relationship management (CRM) platform, designed to help businesses communicate with prospects, share sales information, close deals, and keep customers happy.
OzyMedia, Inc. A next generation media business focused on the Change Generation a subset of 20-, 30- and 40-somethings that are driving the unexpected and the unconventional to great heights.
Declara, Inc. An intelligent learning platform that combines social sharing, learning paths, personalized content discovery, and feedback and efficacy analytics to deliver learning results.
7
As a business development company, we are required to offer, and in some cases may provide and be paid for, significant managerial assistance to portfolio companies. This assistance typically involves monitoring the operations of portfolio companies, participating in their board and management meetings, consulting with and advising their officers and providing other organizational and financial guidance.
Our primary competitors include specialty finance companies including late stage venture capital funds, private equity funds, other crossover funds, public funds investing in private companies and business development companies. Many of these entities have greater financial and managerial resources than we will have. For additional information concerning the competitive risks we face, see Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure.
While we have executive officers, they receive no direct compensation from us, and we have no direct employees. Our day-to-day investment operations are managed by our investment adviser. In addition, we reimburse GSV Capital Service Company for an allocable portion of expenses incurred by it in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including a portion of the rent and the compensation of our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer and any administrative support personnel. See Business Investment Advisory Agreement.
We determine the net asset value of our investment portfolio after the conclusion of each fiscal quarter in connection with the preparation of our annual and quarterly reports filed under the Exchange Act, or more frequently if required under the 1940 Act.
Securities that are publicly traded are generally valued at the close price on the valuation date; however, if they remain subject to lock-up restrictions they are discounted accordingly. Securities that are not publicly traded or for which there are no readily available market quotations, including securities that trade on secondary markets for private securities, are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of directors. In connection with that determination, members of our investment advisers portfolio management team will prepare portfolio company valuations using, when available, the most recent portfolio company financial statements and forecasts. We also engage an independent valuation firm to perform independent valuations of our investments that are not publicly traded or for which there are no readily available market quotations. We may also engage an independent valuation firm to perform independent valuations of any securities that trade on private secondary markets, but are not otherwise publicly traded, where there is a lack of appreciable trading or a wide disparity in recently reported trades.
For those securities that are not publicly traded or for which there are no readily available market quotations, our board of directors, with the assistance of our Valuation Committee, will use the recommended valuations as prepared by management and the independent valuation firm, respectively, as a component of the foundation for its final fair value determination. Due to the uncertainty inherent in the valuation process, such estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the values that would have resulted had others made the determination using the same or different procedures or had a readily available market for the securities existed, and the differences could be material. Additionally, changes in the market environment and other events that may occur over the life of the investments may cause the gains or losses ultimately realized on these investments to be different than the gains or losses implied by the valuation currently assigned to such investments. For those investments that are publicly traded, we generally record unrealized appreciation or depreciation based on changes in the market value of the securities as of the valuation date. Publicly traded securities that remain subject to lock-up restrictions are discounted accordingly. For those investments that are not publicly traded and for which there are no readily available market quotations, we record unrealized depreciation if the underlying portfolio company has depreciated in value and our equity security has also depreciated in value, and record unrealized appreciation if the underlying portfolio company has appreciated in value and our equity security has also appreciated in value. Changes in fair value are recorded in the statement of operations as the net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation.
8
We generally determine the fair value of our investments by considering a number of factors. The following represent factors that could impact our fair value determinations:
1. | Public trading of our portfolio securities, taking into consideration lock-up requirements and liquidity; |
2. | Active trading of our portfolio securities on a private secondary market, where we have determined that there is meaningful volume and the transactions are considered arms length by sophisticated investors; |
3. | Qualified funding rounds in the companies in which we are invested, where there is meaningful and reputable information available on size, valuation and investors; and |
4. | Additional investments by us in current portfolio companies, where the price of the new investment differs materially from prior investments. |
There is inherent subjectivity in determining the fair value of our investments. In addition, we will accrue as a liability, each time we calculate net asset value, the amount which we may owe our Adviser for the income incentive fee and capital gains incentive fee, the latter of which is based on the amount of unrealized and realized capital appreciation. We expect that most of our portfolio investments, other than those for which market quotations are readily available and that may be sold without restriction, will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of directors, with the assistance of our valuation committee. Furthermore, when calculating net asset value, the Company also considers its recognition of a deferred tax liability for unrealized gains on investments.
GSV Asset Management serves as our investment adviser. GSV Asset Management is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act. Subject to the overall supervision of our board of directors, GSV Asset Management manages the day-to-day operations of, and provides investment advisory services to, GSV Capital. Under the terms of the Investment Advisory Agreement, GSV Asset Management:
| determines the composition of our portfolio, the nature and timing of the changes to our portfolio and the manner of implementing such changes; |
| determines what securities we will purchase, retain or sell; |
| identifies, evaluates and negotiates the structure of the investments we make; and |
| closes, monitors and services the investments we make. |
GSV Asset Managements services under the Investment Advisory Agreement are not exclusive, and it is free to furnish similar services to other entities so long as its services to us are not impaired. GSV Asset Management currently serves as the investment adviser for GSV X Fund (GSV X Fund), a global long/short absolute return fund and Coursera@GSV Fund, LP, a special purpose vehicle comprised of an underlying investment in Coursera stock. GSV Asset Management does not anticipate that it will ordinarily identify investment opportunities that are appropriate for both GSV Capital and the other funds that are currently or in the future may be managed by GSV Asset Management. However, to the extent it does identify such opportunities, GSV Asset Management will allocate such opportunities between GSV Capital and such other funds pursuant to an established procedure that is designed to ensure that such allocation is fair and equitable.
We pay GSV Asset Management a fee for its services under the Investment Advisory Agreement consisting of two components a base management fee and an incentive fee. The cost of both the base management fee payable to GSV Asset Management, and any incentive fees earned by GSV Asset Management, are ultimately borne by our common stockholders.
9
The base management fee (the Base Fee) is calculated at an annual rate of 2.00% of our gross assets, which is defined as our total assets as reflected on our balance sheet (with no deduction for liabilities). For the years ended December 31, 2014, and December 31, 2013, the Base Fee was payable monthly in arrears, and was calculated based on the average value of our gross assets at the end of the two most recently completed calendar quarters, and appropriately adjusted for any equity or debt capital raises, repurchases or redemptions during the current calendar quarter. The Base Fee for any partial month or quarter was appropriately pro-rated.
The incentive fee is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of the Investment Advisory Agreement, as of the termination date), and is equal to the lesser of:
| 20% of our realized capital gains during such calendar year, if any, calculated on an investment-by-investment basis, subject to a non-compounded preferred return, or hurdle, and a catch-up feature, and |
| 20% of our realized capital gains, if any, on a cumulative basis from inception through the end of each calendar year, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis, less the aggregate amount of any previously paid incentive fees. |
Our realized capital gains from each investment, expressed as a non-compounded annual rate of return on the cost of such investment since we initially acquired it, will be compared to a hurdle rate of 8.00% per year. We will only pay an incentive fee on any realized capital gains from an investment that exceeds the hurdle rate. We will pay GSV Asset Management an incentive fee with respect to our realized capital gains from each investment as follows:
| No incentive fee is payable on the amount of any realized capital gains from an investment that, when expressed as a non-compounded annual rate of return on the cost of such investment since we initially acquired it, does not exceed the hurdle rate of 8.00% per year. |
| We pay as an incentive fee 100% of the amount of any realized capital gains from an investment that, when expressed as a non-compounded annual rate of return on the cost of such investment since we initially acquired it, exceeds the hurdle rate of 8.00% per year but is less than a rate of 10.00% per year. We refer to this portion of our realized capital gains from each investment (which exceeds the hurdle rate but is less than 10.00%) as the catch-up. The catch-up is meant to provide our investment adviser with 20% of the amount of our realized capital gains from an investment that, when expressed as a non-compounded annual rate of return on the cost of such investment since we initially acquired it, exceeds a rate of 10.00% per year. |
| We pay as an incentive fee 20% of the amount of any realized capital gains from an investment that, when expressed as a non-compounded annual rate of return on the cost of such investment since we initially acquired it, exceeds a rate of 10.00% per year. |
In no event, however, will we pay an incentive fee for any calendar year that exceeds 20% of our realized capital gains, if any, on a cumulative basis from inception through the end of such calendar year, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis, less the aggregate amount of any previously paid incentive fees. Refer to Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Related Party Transactions for detail of incentive fees paid and accrued.
10
The following is a graphical representation of the calculation of our incentive fee with respect to a single investment:
For accounting purposes, in order to reflect the theoretical capital gains incentive fee that would be payable for a given period as if all unrealized gains were realized, we are required to accrue a capital gains incentive fee based upon realized capital gains and losses during the current calendar year through the end of the period, plus any unrealized capital appreciation and depreciation as of the end of the period. It should be noted that a fee so calculated and accrued would not necessarily be payable under the Investment Advisory Agreement, and may never be paid based upon the computation of capital gains incentive fees in subsequent periods. Amounts paid under the Investment Advisory Agreement will be consistent with the formula reflected in the Investment Advisory Agreement.
| Hurdle rate = 8.00% non-compounded annual rate of return |
| Hurdle rate = (purchase price) × (8% × (days owned/365)) |
| Catch-up rate = 10.00% non-compounded annual rate of return |
| Catch-up rate = (purchase price) × (10% × (days owned/365)) |
| Year 1: $20,000,000 investment made on March 15 in Company A (Investment A), and $30,000,000 investment made on February 1 in Company B (Investment B) |
| Year 2: Investment A is sold on September 15 for $25,000,000, and fair market value (FMV) of Investment B is determined to be $28,000,000 |
| Year 3: FMV of Investment B is determined to be $28,000,000 |
| Year 4: Investment B is sold on March 1 for $38,000,000 |
The incentive fee would be calculated as follows:
| Year 1: None |
| Year 2: Incentive fee calculation: |
| Hurdle rate for Investment A = ($20,000,000) × (8% × (550 days/365)) |
| Hurdle rate for Investment A = $2,410,959 |
| Catch-up rate for Investment A = ($20,000,000) × (10% × (550 days/365)) |
| Catch-up rate for Investment A = $3,013,699 |
| Incentive fee on Investment A = 20% × $5,000,000 (since the hurdle rate has been satisfied and the catch up has been fully achieved) |
| Incentive fee on Investment A = $1,000,000 |
11
| Maximum incentive fee = 20% × (cumulative realized capital gains (cumulative realized losses + cumulative net unrealized depreciation)) (previously paid incentive fees) |
| Maximum incentive fee = 20% × ($5,000,000 $2,000,000 (unrealized depreciation on Investment B)) |
| Maximum incentive fee = 20% × $3,000,000 |
| Maximum incentive fee = $600,000 |
| Incentive fee paid = $600,000 (because the incentive fee payable on Investment A exceeds the maximum incentive fee, the maximum incentive fee applies) |
| Year 3: None |
| Year 4: Incentive fee calculation: |
| Hurdle rate for Investment B = ($30,000,000) × (8% × (1,124 days/365)) |
| Hurdle rate for Investment B = $7,390,685 |
| Catch-up rate for Investment B = ($30,000,000) × (10% × (1,124 days/365)) |
| Catch-up rate for Investment B = $9,238,356 |
| Incentive fee on Investment B = 100% × ($8,000,000 $7,390,685 (since the hurdle rate has been satisfied, but the catch up has not been fully achieved) |
| Incentive fee on Investment B = $609,315 |
| Maximum incentive fee = 20% × (cumulative realized capital gains (cumulative realized losses + cumulative net unrealized depreciation)) (previously paid incentive fees) |
| Maximum incentive fee = (20% × $13,000,000) ($600,000 (previously paid incentive fees)) |
| Maximum incentive fee = $2,000,000 |
| Incentive fee paid = $609,315 (because the incentive fee payable on Investment B does not exceed the maximum incentive fee) |
| Hurdle rate = 8.00% non-compounded annual rate of return |
| Hurdle rate = (purchase price) × (8% × (days owned/365)) |
| Catch-up rate = 10.00% non-compounded annual rate of return |
| Catch-up rate = (purchase price) × (10% × (days owned/365)) |
| Year 1: $20 million investment made on March 15 in Company A (Investment A), $30 million investment made on February 1 in Company B (Investment B), and $25 million investment made on September 1 in Company C (Investment C) |
| Year 2: Investment A is sold on September 15 for $50 million, FMV of Investment B is determined to be $25 million, and FMV of Investment C is determined to be $25 million |
| Year 3: FMV of Investment B is determined to be $27 million and Investment C is sold on December 1 for $30 million |
| Year 4: FMV of Investment B is determined to be $35 million |
| Year 5: Investment B is sold on March 1 for $20 million |
12
The incentive fee would be calculated as follows:
| Year 1: None |
| Year 2: Incentive fee calculation: |
| Hurdle rate for Investment A = ($20,000,000) × (8% × (550 days/365)) |
| Hurdle rate for Investment A = $2,410,959 |
| Catch-up rate for Investment A = ($20,000,000) × (10% × (550 days/365)) |
| Catch-up rate for Investment A = $3,013,699 |
| Incentive fee on Investment A = 20% × $30,000,000 (since the hurdle rate has been satisfied and the catch up has been fully achieved) |
| Incentive fee on Investment A = $6,000,000 |
| Maximum incentive fee = 20% × (cumulative realized capital gains (cumulative realized losses + cumulative net unrealized depreciation)) (previously paid incentive fees) |
| Maximum incentive fee = 20% × ($30,000,000 $5,000,000 (unrealized depreciation on Investment B)) |
| Maximum incentive fee = $5,000,000 |
| Incentive fee paid = $5,000,000 (because the incentive fee payable on Investment A exceeds the maximum incentive fee, the maximum incentive fee applies) |
| Year 3: Incentive fee calculation: |
| Hurdle rate for Investment C = ($25,000,000) × (8% × (822 days/365)) |
| Hurdle rate for Investment C = $4,504,110 |
| Catch-up rate for Investment C = ($25,000,000) × (10% × (822 days/365)) |
| Catch-up rate for Investment C = $5,630,137 |
| Incentive fee on Investment C = 100% × ($5,000,000 $4,504,110 (since the hurdle rate has been satisfied, but the catch up has not been fully achieved)) |
| Incentive fee on Investment C = $495,890 |
| Maximum incentive fee = 20% × (cumulative realized capital gains (cumulative realized losses + cumulative net unrealized depreciation)) (previously paid incentive fees) |
| Maximum incentive fee = 20% × ($35,000,000 $3,000,000 (unrealized depreciation on Investment B)) ($5,000,000 (previously paid incentive fees)) |
| Maximum incentive fee = $1,400,000 |
| Incentive fee paid = $495,890 (because the incentive fee payable on Investment C does not exceed the maximum incentive fee) |
| Year 4: None |
| Year 5: None |
We seek to deploy capital primarily in the form of non-controlling investments in our portfolio companies. Although we primarily invest through private secondary markets, to the extent we make a direct minority investment in a portfolio company, neither we, nor our investment adviser, GSV Asset Management, may have the ability to control the timing of when we realize capital gains or losses with respect to such investment. We expect the timing of such realization events to be determined by our portfolio companies in such cases. To the extent we have non-minority investments, or the securities we hold are traded on a private secondary market or public securities exchange, GSV Asset Management will have greater control over the
13
timing of a realization event. In such cases, our board of directors will monitor such investments in connection with their general oversight of the investment management services provided by GSV Asset Management. In addition, as of the end of each fiscal quarter, we will evaluate whether the cumulative aggregate unrealized appreciation on our portfolio would be sufficient to require us to pay an incentive fee to our investment adviser if such unrealized appreciation were actually realized as of the end of such quarter, and if so, we will accrue an expense equal to the amount of such incentive fee. Any such accrual of incentive fees will be reflected in the calculation of our net asset value.
All personnel of our investment adviser when and to the extent engaged in providing investment advisory services, and the compensation and expenses of such personnel allocable to such services, are provided and paid for by GSV Asset Management. We are responsible for all other costs and expenses of our operations and transactions, including (without limitation) the cost of calculating our net asset value; the cost of effecting sales and repurchases of shares of our common stock and other securities; investment advisory fees; fees payable to third parties relating to, or associated with, making investments (including the legal, accounting and travel expenses incurred in connection with making investments), including fees and expenses associated with performing due diligence reviews of prospective investments (in each case subject to approval of our board of directors); transfer agent and custodial fees; fees and expenses associated with marketing efforts (including attendance at investment conference and similar events); federal and state registration fees; any exchange listing fees; federal, state and local taxes; independent directors fees and expenses; brokerage commissions; costs associated with our reporting and compliance obligations under the 1940 Act and applicable federal and state securities laws including costs of proxy statements, stockholders reports and notices; fidelity bond, directors and officers/errors and omissions liability insurance and other insurance premiums; direct costs such as printing, mailing, long distance telephone, staff, independent audits and outside legal costs and all other expenses incurred by either GSV Capital Service Company or us in connection with administering our business, including payments under the Administration Agreement that are based upon our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by GSV Capital Service Company in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including a portion of the rent and the compensation of our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer and other staff providing administrative services. All of these expenses are ultimately borne by our common stockholders.
The Investment Advisory Agreement was reapproved by our board of directors on March 5, 2015. Unless earlier terminated as described below, the Investment Advisory Agreement will remain in effect from year to year if approved annually by our board of directors or by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities, including, in either case, approval by a majority of our directors who are not interested persons of any such party, as such term is defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act. The Investment Advisory Agreement will automatically terminate in the event of its assignment. The Investment Advisory Agreement may be terminated by either party without penalty upon not more than 60 days written notice to the other. The Investment Advisory Agreement may also be terminated, without penalty, upon the vote of a majority of our outstanding voting securities.
The Investment Advisory Agreement provides that, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of the reckless disregard of its duties and obligations, GSV Asset Management and its officers, managers, partners, agents, employees, controlling persons, members and any other person or entity affiliated with it are entitled to indemnification from us for any damages, liabilities, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) arising from the rendering of GSV Asset Managements services under the Investment Advisory Agreement or otherwise as our investment adviser.
GSV Asset Management is a Delaware limited liability company. The principal executive offices of GSV Asset Management are located at 2925 Woodside Road, Woodside, CA 94062.
14
Our Board of Directors determined at a meeting held on March 5, 2015 to reapprove the Investment Advisory Agreement. In its consideration of the reapproval of the Investment Advisory Agreement, the Board of Directors focused on information it had received relating to, among other things:
| the nature, quality and extent of the advisory and other services to be provided to us by GSV Asset Management; |
| comparative data with respect to advisory fees or similar expenses paid by other business development companies with similar investment objectives; |
| our historical and projected operating expenses and expense ratio compared to business development companies with similar investment objectives; |
| any existing and potential sources of indirect income to GSV Asset Management or GSV Capital Service Company from their relationships with us and the profitability of those relationships, including the Investment Advisory Agreement and the Administration Agreement; |
| information about the services to be performed and the personnel performing such services under the Investment Advisory Agreement; |
| the organizational capability and financial condition of GSV Asset Management and its affiliates; |
| GSV Asset Managements practices regarding the selection and compensation of brokers that may execute our portfolio transactions and the brokers provision of brokerage and research services to GSV Asset Management; and |
| the possibility of obtaining similar services from other third party service providers or through an internally managed structure. |
Based on the information reviewed and related discussions, the Board of Directors concluded that fees payable to GSV Asset Management pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement were reasonable in relation to the services to be provided. The Board of Directors did not assign relative weights to the above factors or the other factors considered by it. In addition, the Board of Directors did not reach any specific conclusion on each factor considered, but conducted an overall analysis of these factors. Individual members of the Board of Directors may have given different weights to different factors.
Pursuant to a separate Administration Agreement, GSV Capital Service Company, a Delaware limited liability company, furnishes us with office facilities, together with equipment and clerical, bookkeeping and record-keeping services at such facilities. The principal executive offices of GSV Capital Service Company are located at 2925 Woodside Road, Woodside, CA 94062. Under the Administration Agreement, GSV Capital Service Company also performs, or oversees the performance of, our required administrative services, which includes being responsible for the financial records which we are required to maintain and preparing reports to our stockholders and reports filed with the SEC. In addition, GSV Capital Service Company assists us in determining and publishing our net asset value, overseeing the preparation and filing of our tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our stockholders, and generally overseeing the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others. Payments under the Administration Agreement are based upon our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by GSV Capital Service Company in performing its obligations under the administration agreement, including a portion of the rent and the compensation of our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer and other staff providing administrative services. In accordance with the terms of the Administration Agreement, overhead and other administrative expenses are generally allocated between us and GSV Asset Management by reference to the relative time spent by personnel in performing administrative and similar functions on our behalf as compared to performing investment advisory or administrative functions on behalf of GSV Asset Management. To the extent personnel retained by GSV Service Company perform administrative tasks for GSV Asset Management, the fees incurred with respect to the actual time dedicated to such tasks will be reimbursed by GSV Asset Management. While there is no limit on the total amount of
15
expenses we may be required to reimburse to GSV Capital Service Company, our administrator will only charge us for the actual expenses it incurs on our behalf, or our allocable portion thereof, without any profit to GSV Capital Service Company. The Administration Agreement may be terminated by either party without penalty upon 60 days written notice to the other party.
The Administration Agreement provides that, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of their respective duties or by reason of the reckless disregard of their respective duties and obligations, GSV Capital Service Company and its officers, manager, agents, employees, controlling persons, members and any other person or entity affiliated with it are entitled to indemnification from us for any damages, liabilities, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) arising from the rendering of GSV Capital Service Companys services under the Administration Agreement or otherwise as our administrator.
GSV Capital Service Company also provides administrative services to our investment adviser, GSV Asset Management. As a result, GSV Asset Management also reimburses GSV Capital Service Company for its allocable portion of GSV Capital Service Companys overhead, including rent, the fees and expenses associated with performing compliance functions for GSV Asset Management, and its allocable portion of the compensation of any administrative support staff.
We have entered into a license agreement with GSV Asset Management pursuant to which GSV Asset Management has agreed to grant us a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the name GSV. Under this agreement, we have a right to use the GSV name for so long as the Investment Advisory Agreement with GSV Asset Management is in effect. Other than with respect to this limited license, we will have no legal right to the GSV name.
A business development company is regulated by the 1940 Act. A business development company must be organized in the United States for the purpose of investing in or lending to primarily private companies and making significant managerial assistance available to them. A business development company may use capital provided by public stockholders and from other sources to make long-term, private investments in businesses. A business development company provides stockholders the ability to retain the liquidity of a publicly traded stock while sharing in the possible benefits, if any, of investing in primarily privately owned companies.
We may not change the nature of our business so as to cease to be, or withdraw our election as, a business development company unless authorized by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities, as required by the 1940 Act. A majority of the outstanding voting securities of a company is defined under the 1940 Act as the lesser of: (a) 67% or more of such companys voting securities present at a meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of such company are present or represented by proxy, or (b) more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of such company. We do not anticipate any substantial change in the nature of our business.
As with other companies regulated by the 1940 Act, a business development company must adhere to certain substantive regulatory requirements. A majority of our directors must be persons who are not interested persons, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act. Additionally, we are required to provide and maintain a bond issued by a reputable fidelity insurance company to protect the business development company. Furthermore, as a business development company, we are prohibited from protecting any director or officer against any liability to us or our stockholders arising from willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such persons office.
As a business development company, we are generally required to meet an asset coverage ratio, defined under the 1940 Act as the ratio of our gross assets (less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities) to our outstanding senior securities, of at least 200% after each issuance of senior securities.
16
We may also be prohibited under the 1940 Act from knowingly participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of our directors who are not interested persons and, in some cases, prior approval by the SEC.
We are generally not able to issue and sell our common stock at a price below net asset value per share. See Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure Regulations governing our operation as a business development company affect our ability to, and the way in which we, raise additional capital, which may expose us to risks, including the typical risks associated with leverage. We may, however, sell our common stock, or warrants, options or rights to acquire our common stock, at a price below the then-current net asset value of our common stock if our board of directors determines that such sale is in our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders, and our stockholders approve such sale. In addition, we may generally issue new shares of our common stock at a price below net asset value in rights offerings to existing stockholders, in payment of dividends and in certain other limited circumstances.
As a business development company, we are generally limited in our ability to invest in any portfolio company in which our investment adviser or any of its affiliates currently has an investment or to make any co-investments with our investment adviser or its affiliates without an exemptive order from the SEC, subject to certain exceptions.
We are subject to periodic examination by the SEC for compliance with the 1940 Act.
As a business development company, we are subject to certain risks and uncertainties. See Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure.
Under the 1940 Act, a business development company may not acquire any asset other than assets of the type listed in Section 55(a) of the 1940 Act, which are referred to as qualifying assets, unless, at the time the acquisition is made, qualifying assets represent at least 70% of the business development companys gross assets. The principal categories of qualifying assets relevant to our business are the following:
1. | Securities purchased in transactions not involving any public offering from the issuer of such securities, which issuer (subject to certain limited exceptions) is an eligible portfolio company, or from any person who is, or has been during the preceding 13 months, an affiliated person of an eligible portfolio company, or from any other person, subject to such rules as may be prescribed by the SEC. An eligible portfolio company is defined in the 1940 Act as any issuer which: |
a. | is organized under the laws of, and has its principal place of business in, the United States; |
b. | is not an investment company (other than a small business investment company wholly owned by the business development company) or a company that would be an investment company but for certain exclusions under the 1940 Act; and |
c. | satisfies any of the following: |
i. | does not have any class of securities that is traded on a national securities exchange; |
ii. | has a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange, but has an aggregate market value of outstanding voting and non-voting common equity of less than $250 million; |
iii. | is controlled by a business development company or a group of companies including a business development company and the business development company has an affiliated person who is a director of the eligible portfolio company; or |
iv. | is a small and solvent company having gross assets of not more than $4.0 million and capital and surplus of not less than $2.0 million. |
2. | Securities of any eligible portfolio company which we control. |
17
3. | Securities purchased in a private transaction from a U.S. issuer that is not an investment company or from an affiliated person of the issuer, or in transactions incident thereto, if the issuer is in bankruptcy and subject to reorganization or if the issuer, immediately prior to the purchase of its securities, was unable to meet its obligations as they came due without material assistance other than conventional lending or financing arrangements. |
4. | Securities of an eligible portfolio company purchased from any person in a private transaction if there is no ready market for such securities and we already own 60% of the outstanding equity of the eligible portfolio company. |
5. | Securities received in exchange for or distributed on or with respect to securities described in 1 through 4 above, or pursuant to the exercise of warrants or rights relating to such securities. |
6. | Cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or high-quality debt securities maturing in one year or less from the time of investment. |
If at any time less than 70% of our gross assets are comprised of qualifying assets, including as a result of an increase in the value of any non-qualifying assets or decrease in the value of any qualifying assets, we would generally not be permitted to acquire any additional non-qualifying assets, other than office furniture and equipment, interests in real estate and leasehold improvements and facilities maintained to conduct the business operations of the business development company, deferred organization and operating expenses, and other noninvestment assets necessary and appropriate to its operations as a business development company, until such time as 70% of our then current gross assets were comprised of qualifying assets. We would not be required, however, to dispose of any non-qualifying assets in such circumstances.
In addition, a business development company must have been organized and have its principal place of business in the United States and must be operated for the purpose of making investments in the types of securities described above in Qualifying Assets categories 1, 2 or 3. However, in order to count portfolio securities as qualifying assets for the purpose of the 70% test, a business development company generally must offer to make available to the issuer of the securities significant managerial assistance, except in circumstances where either (i) the business development company controls such issuer of securities or (ii) the business development company purchases such securities in conjunction with one or more other persons acting together and one of the other persons in the group makes available such managerial assistance. Making available managerial assistance means, among other things, any arrangement whereby the business development company, through its directors, officers or employees, offers to provide, and, if accepted, does so provide, significant guidance and counsel concerning the management, operations or business objectives and policies of a portfolio company.
Pending investment in other types of qualifying assets, as described above, our investments may consist of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or high-quality debt securities maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, which we refer to, collectively, as temporary investments, so that 70% of our assets are qualifying assets. Typically, we will invest in U.S. Treasury bills or in repurchase agreements, provided that such agreements are fully collateralized by cash or securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies. A repurchase agreement involves the purchase by an investor, such as us, of a specified security and the simultaneous agreement by the seller to repurchase it at an agreed-upon future date and at a price which is greater than the purchase price by an amount that reflects an agreed-upon interest rate. There is no percentage restriction on the proportion of our assets that may be invested in such repurchase agreements. However, if more than 25% of our gross assets constitute repurchase agreements from a single counterparty, we would not meet the diversification tests in order to qualify as a RIC for federal income tax purposes. Thus, we do not intend to enter into repurchase agreements with a single counterparty in excess of this limit. Our investment adviser will monitor the creditworthiness of the counterparties with which we enter into repurchase agreement transactions.
18
We are permitted, under specified conditions, to issue multiple classes of indebtedness and one class of stock senior to our common stock if our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, is at least equal to 200% immediately after each such issuance. In addition, while any senior securities remain outstanding, we must make provisions to prohibit any distribution to our stockholders or the repurchase of such securities or shares unless we meet the applicable asset coverage ratios at the time of the distribution or repurchase. We may also borrow amounts up to 5% of the value of our gross assets for temporary or emergency purposes without regard to asset coverage. For a discussion of the risks associated with leverage, see Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure We may borrow money, which would magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and may increase the risk of investing in us.
We and GSV Asset Management have each adopted a code of ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act and Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act, respectively, that establishes procedures for personal investments and restricts certain transactions by our personnel. Our codes of ethics generally do not permit investments by our employees in securities that may be purchased or held by us. You may read and copy these codes of ethics at the SECs Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. In addition, each code of ethics is available on the EDGAR Database on the SECs Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain copies of the codes of ethics, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following Email address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing the SECs Public Reference Section, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549.
We and our investment adviser have adopted and implemented written policies and procedures reasonably designed to detect and prevent violation of the federal securities laws and are required to review these compliance policies and procedures annually for their adequacy and the effectiveness of their implementation and designate a chief compliance officer to be responsible for administering the policies and procedures. Carl Rizzo currently serves as our chief compliance officer.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 imposes a wide variety of regulatory requirements on publicly-held companies and their insiders. Many of these requirements affect us. For example:
| pursuant to Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer must certify the accuracy of the financial statements contained in our periodic reports; |
| pursuant to Item 307 of Regulation S-K, our periodic reports must disclose our conclusions about the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures; |
| pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act, our management prepares an annual report regarding its assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, and obtains an audit of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting performed by our independent registered public accounting firm; and |
| pursuant to Item 308 of Regulation S-K and Rule 13a-15 of the 1934 Act, our periodic reports must disclose whether there were significant changes in our internal controls over financial reporting or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to the date of their evaluation, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses. |
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us to review our current policies and procedures to determine whether we comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. We will continue to monitor our compliance with all regulations that are adopted under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and will take actions necessary to ensure that we are in compliance therewith.
19
We have delegated our proxy voting responsibility to GSV Asset Management. The Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures of GSV Asset Management are set forth below. The guidelines will be reviewed periodically by GSV Asset Management and our non-interested directors, and, accordingly, are subject to change. For purposes of these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures described below, we, our and us refers to GSV Asset Management.
An investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act has a fiduciary duty to act solely in the best interests of its clients. As part of this duty, we recognize that we must vote client securities in a timely manner free of conflicts of interest and in the best interests of our clients.
These policies and procedures for voting proxies for our investment advisory clients are intended to comply with Section 206 of, and Rule 206(4)-6 under, the Advisers Act.
We will vote proxies relating to our portfolio securities in what we perceive to be the best interest of our clients stockholders. We will review on a case-by-case basis each proposal submitted to a stockholder vote to determine its impact on the portfolio securities held by our clients. Although we will generally vote against proposals that may have a negative impact on our clients portfolio securities, we may vote for such a proposal if there exist compelling long-term reasons to do so.
Our proxy voting decisions will be made by the senior officers who are responsible for monitoring each of our clients investments. To ensure that our vote is not the product of a conflict of interest, we will require that: (1) anyone involved in the decision making process disclose to our managing members any potential conflict that he or she is aware of and any contact that he or she has had with any interested party regarding a proxy vote; and (2) employees involved in the decision making process or vote administration are prohibited from revealing how we intend to vote on a proposal in order to reduce any attempted influence from interested parties.
You may obtain information about how we voted proxies by making a written request for proxy voting information to: GSV Asset Management, 2925 Woodside Road, Woodside, CA 94062.
We are committed to maintaining the privacy of our stockholders and to safeguarding their non-public personal information. The following information is provided to help you understand what personal information we collect, how we protect that information and why, in certain cases, we may share information with select other parties.
Generally, we do not receive any non-public personal information relating to our stockholders, although certain non-public personal information of our stockholders may become available to us. We do not disclose any non-public personal information about our stockholders or former stockholders to anyone, except as permitted by law or as is necessary in order to service stockholder accounts (for example, to a transfer agent or third party administrator).
We restrict access to non-public personal information about our stockholders to employees of our investment adviser and its affiliates with a legitimate business need for the information. We will maintain physical, electronic and procedural safeguards designed to protect the non-public personal information of our stockholders.
The following discussion is a general summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to us and to an investment in our shares. This summary does not purport to be a complete description of the income tax considerations applicable to such an investment. For example, we have not
20
described tax consequences that may be relevant to certain types of holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws, including stockholders subject to the alternative minimum tax, tax-exempt organizations, insurance companies, dealers in securities, a trader in securities that elects to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for its securities holdings, pension plans and trusts, and financial institutions. This summary assumes that investors hold our common stock as capital assets (within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended the Code). The discussion is based upon the Code, Treasury regulations, and administrative and judicial interpretations, each as of the date of this annual report on Form 10-K and all of which are subject to change, possibly retroactively, which could affect the continuing validity of this discussion. This summary does not discuss any aspects of U.S. estate or gift tax or foreign, state or local tax. It does not discuss the special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws that could result if we invested in tax-exempt securities or certain other investment assets.
A U.S. stockholder generally is a beneficial owner of shares of our common stock who is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
| A citizen or individual resident of the United States; |
| A corporation or other entity treated as a corporation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof (and an entity organized outside of the United States that is treated as a U.S. corporation under specialized sections of the Code); |
| A trust if a court within the United States is asked to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantive decisions of the trust (or a trust that has made a valid election to be treated as a U.S. trust); or |
| An estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source. |
A Non-U.S. stockholder generally is a beneficial owner of shares of our common stock who is not a U.S. stockholder.
If a partnership (including an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds shares of our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A prospective stockholder that is a partner of a partnership holding shares of our common stock should consult his, her or its tax advisers with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares of our common stock. Tax matters are complicated and the tax consequences to an investor of an investment in our shares will depend on the facts of his, her or its particular situation. We encourage investors to consult their own tax advisers regarding the specific consequences of such an investment, including tax reporting requirements, the applicability of federal, state, local and foreign tax laws, eligibility for the benefits of any applicable tax treaty and the effect of any possible changes in the tax laws.
We may elect to be treated for federal income tax purposes as a RIC effective for the 2013 tax year. In September, 2014 we filed our 2013 tax return as a RIC and are seeking to be granted RIC status for our 2013 taxable year, however, we will not be eligible to elect to be treated as a RIC for the 2013 taxable year unless we are certified by the SEC as principally engaged in the furnishing of capital to other corporations which are principally engaged in the development or exploitation of inventions, technological improvements, new processes, or products not previously generally available for the 2013 taxable year. Although we filed an application with the SEC for an SEC Certification for the 2013 taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will receive an SEC Certification. In the event that we do not receive such SEC Certification or we are otherwise unable to meet all of the qualifications to be treated as a RIC for 2013, we will be taxed as a C Corporation for the 2013 taxable year. To that end, for purposes of our financial statements, we have accrued taxes as though we were a C Corporation for the 2013 taxable year, in the event we are unable to qualify as a RIC. Should we not qualify as a RIC for 2013, we intend to elect to be treated as a RIC for our 2014 taxable year, if we are able to satisfy the requirements under subchapter M of the Code and if management determines that it is in our best interests to do so. For example, it may not be in our best
21
interests in the event that we experience large operating losses or have large loss carryforwards. If we opt not to do so or are unable to qualify, we will continue to be taxed as a C corporation under the Code for our 2014 taxable year. If we qualify as a RIC for 2013, then we will be a RIC for 2014 to the extent we satisfy the qualification tests. For purposes of our financial statements, we have accrued taxes as though we were a C Corporation for the 2014 taxable year. However if we do qualify as a RIC for 2013, we will be required to file as a RIC for 2014 and future tax years to the extent we qualify as a RIC in such years.
To qualify as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and the quarterly asset diversification requirements (as described below). In addition, in order to qualify for the special treatment afforded to RICs, we are required to distribute to our stockholders on a timely basis each year at least 90% of investment company taxable income, which is generally our net ordinary income plus the excess of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses (the Annual Distribution Requirement). We intend to elect to be treated as a RIC for our 2014 taxable year, if we qualify and if management determines that it is in our best interests to do so or we receive SEC certification for 2013 and qualify to elect RIC status in 2014. If we opt not to elect RIC status or are unable to qualify, we will continue to be taxed as a C corporation under the Code for our 2014 taxable year.
The Company evaluates tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing its consolidated financial statements to determine whether the tax positions are more-likely-than-not of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. The Company recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only when the position has met the more-likely-than-not threshold. The Company classifies penalties and interest associated with income taxes, if any, as income tax expense. Conclusions regarding tax positions are subject to review and may be adjusted at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, ongoing analyses of tax laws, regulations and interpretations thereof. Although the Company filed its 2013 tax return in September 2014 as a RIC, it continues to provide for deferred income taxes in its financial statements as if it were a C-Corporation, due to the uncertainties discussed above. The Company is unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of when, if ever, it will become eligible to be treated as a RIC and thereby release the deferred tax assets and liabilities associated with being a C-Corporation. The Company has identified its major tax jurisdictions as U.S. federal and California.
If we:
| qualify as a RIC; and |
| satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, |
then we will not be subject to federal income tax on the portion of our income we distribute (or are deemed to distribute) to stockholders. We will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the regular corporate rates on any income or capital gains not distributed (or deemed distributed) to our stockholders.
We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible federal excise tax on certain undistributed income unless we distribute in a timely manner an amount at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of our net ordinary income for each calendar year, (2) 98.2% of our capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 in that calendar year and (3) any income recognized, but not distributed, in preceding years (the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement). We generally will endeavor in each year to make sufficient distributions to our stockholders to avoid any U.S. federal excise tax on our earnings.
In order to qualify as a RIC for federal income tax purposes, we must, among other things:
| have in effect an election to be treated as a business development company under the 1940 Act at all times during each taxable year; |
| derive in each taxable year at least 90% of our gross income from dividends, interest, payments with respect to loans of certain securities, gains from the sale of stock or other securities or foreign currencies, net income from certain qualified publicly traded partnerships, or other income derived with respect to our business of investing in such stock or securities (the 90% Income Test); and |
| diversify our holdings so that at the end of each quarter of the taxable year: |
22
| at least 50% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. Government securities, securities of other RICs, and other securities if such other securities of any one issuer do not represent more than 5% of the value of our assets or more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of the issuer; and |
| no more than 25% of the value of our assets is invested in the securities, other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs, of one issuer, of two or more issuers that are controlled, as determined under applicable Code rules, by us and that are engaged in the same or similar or related trades or businesses, or of certain qualified publicly traded partnerships (the Diversification Tests). |
Provided that we satisfy the Diversification Tests as of the close of any quarter, we will not fail the Diversification Tests as of the close of a subsequent quarter as a consequence of a discrepancy between the value of our assets and the requirements of the Diversification Tests that is attributable solely to fluctuations in the value of our assets. Rather, we will fail the Diversification Tests as of the end of a subsequent quarter only if such a discrepancy existed immediately after our acquisition of any asset and was wholly or partly the result of that acquisition. In addition, if we fail the Diversification Tests as of the end of any quarter, we will not lose our status as a RIC if we eliminate the discrepancy within thirty days of the end of such quarter and, if we eliminate the discrepancy within that thirty-day period, we will be treated as having satisfied the Diversification Tests as of the end of such quarter for purposes of applying the rule described in the preceding sentence, assuming that it is not the 1st quarter of RIC qualification.
An alternative 50% Diversification Test applies to certain RICs that obtain SEC Certification for the applicable taxable year. Such SEC Certification may not be received earlier than 60 days prior to the close of the taxable year to which it applies. If a RIC has received this certification, then, for purposes of the 50% Diversification Test, securities of an issuer will be treated as good investments as long as the RICs basis in the securities of such issuer did not exceed 5% of the RICs total assets when acquired whether or not the RIC owns more than 10% of the voting securities of such issuer. This alternative test does not apply to the securities of any issuer if the RIC has continuously held securities of the issuer for 10 or more years preceding the applicable quarter end. The 25% Diversification Test is not affected by this alternative 50% Diversification Test. On December 4, 2013 we filed an application with the SEC for SEC Certification for our 2013 taxable year. We can provide no assurance that we will receive such certification. If we fail to receive this SEC Certification, we will not be able to satisfy the 50% Diversification Test for 2013 and therefore would not be eligible to make an election to be treated as a RIC for our 2013 taxable year.
Upon converting from a C corporation to a RIC, we may be required to pay a corporate-level tax on the net amount of the net built-in gains, if any, in our assets (i.e., the amount by which the net fair market value of our assets exceeds our net adjusted basis in our assets) as of the date of conversion (i.e., the beginning of the first taxable year that we qualify as a RIC) to the extent that such gains are recognized by us during the applicable recognition period, which is the ten-year period (or shorter applicable period) beginning on the date of conversion. Alternatively, we may make a special election to cause the gain to be recognized at the time of the conversion. In that event, we would be required to recognize such built-in gain as if our assets were sold at the time of the conversion. We do not anticipate making this election at this time. Any corporate-level built-in gain tax is payable at the time the built-in gains are recognized (which generally will be the years in which the built-in gain assets are sold in a taxable transaction). The amount of this tax will vary depending on the assets that are actually sold by us in the applicable period, the amount of realized gain (loss), the actual amount of net built-in gain or loss present in those assets as of the date of conversion, and the effective tax rates at such times. The payment of any such corporate-level tax on built-in gains will be a company expense that will reduce the amount available for distribution to stockholders. As of January 1, 2013, we did not have net unrealized built-in gain. Accordingly, the built-in gains tax will not apply to the extent that we qualify to be a RIC for the 2013 tax year. If we are not a RIC for 2013, but we elect to be a RIC for 2014, then we expect to not incur any built-in gains tax for the 2014 tax year because there are sufficient net operating loss and net capital loss carryforwards to offset any built-in gains.
23
We may be required to recognize taxable income in circumstances in which we do not receive cash. For example, if we hold debt obligations that are treated under applicable tax rules as having original issue discount (which may arise if we receive warrants in connection with the origination of a loan or possibly in other circumstances), we must include in income each year a portion of the original issue discount that accrues over the life of the obligation, regardless of whether cash representing such income is received by us in the same taxable year. We may also have to include in income other amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as contractual payment-in-kind, or PIK, interest (which represents contractual interest added to the loan balance and due at the end of the loan term) or dividends and deferred loan origination fees that are paid after origination of the loan or are paid in non-cash compensation such as warrants or stock. Because any original issue discount or other amounts accrued will be included in our investment company taxable income for the year of accrual, we may be required to make a distribution to our stockholders in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, even though we will not have received any corresponding cash amount.
We will be subject to certain asset coverage ratio requirements under the 1940 Act and financial covenants under loan and credit agreements that could, under certain circumstances, restrict us from making distributions necessary to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement. See Business Regulation as a Business Development Company Senior Securities. Moreover, our ability to dispose of assets to meet our distribution requirements may be limited by (1) the illiquid nature of our portfolio and/or (2) other requirements relating to our status as a RIC, including the Diversification Tests. If we dispose of assets in order to meet the Annual Distribution Requirement or the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement, we may make such dispositions at times that, from an investment standpoint, are not advantageous.
Certain of our investment practices may be subject to special and complex U.S. federal income tax provisions that may, among other things: (i) disallow, suspend or otherwise limit the allowance of certain losses or deductions; (ii) convert lower taxed long-term capital gain into higher taxed short-term capital gain or ordinary income; (iii) convert an ordinary loss or a deduction into a capital loss (the deductibility of which is more limited); (iv) cause us to recognize income or gain without a corresponding receipt of cash; (v) adversely affect the time as to when a purchase or sale of securities is deemed to occur; (vi) adversely alter the characterization of certain complex financial transactions; and (vii) produce income that will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Income Test described above. We will monitor our transactions and may make certain tax elections in order to mitigate the potential adverse effect of these provisions.
Gain or loss realized by us from the sale or exchange of warrants acquired by us as well as any loss attributable to the lapse of such warrants generally will be treated as capital gain or loss. The treatment of such gain or loss as long-term or short-term will depend on how long we held a particular warrant. Upon the exercise of a warrant acquired by us, our tax basis in the stock purchased under the warrant will equal the sum of the amount paid for the warrant plus the strike price paid on the exercise of the warrant.
24
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |
Investing in our common stock involves a number of significant risks. In addition to the other information contained in this annual report on Form 10-K, you should consider carefully the following information before making an investment in our common stock. Although the risks described below represent our material risks, they are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us might also impair our operations and performance. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, our net asset value and the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Investment in the rapidly growing venture capital-backed emerging companies that we are targeting involves a number of significant risks, including:
| these companies may have limited financial resources and may be unable to meet their obligations under their existing debt, which may lead to equity financings, possibly at discounted valuations, in which we could be substantially diluted if we do not or cannot participate, bankruptcy or liquidation and the reduction or loss of our equity investment; |
| they typically have limited operating histories, narrower, less established product lines and smaller market shares than larger businesses, which tend to render them more vulnerable to competitors actions, market conditions and consumer sentiment in respect of their products or services, as well as general economic downturns; |
| they generally have less predictable operating results, may from time to time be parties to litigation, may be engaged in rapidly changing businesses with products subject to a substantial risk of obsolescence, and may require substantial additional capital to support their operations, finance expansion or maintain their competitive position. |
| because they are privately owned, there is generally little publicly available information about these businesses; therefore, although our investment advisers agents will perform due diligence investigations on these portfolio companies, their operations and their prospects, we may not learn all of the material information we need to know regarding these businesses and, in the case of investments we acquire on private secondary transactions, we may be unable to obtain financial or other information regarding the companies with respect to which we invest. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the information that we do obtain with respect to any investment is reliable; and |
| they are more likely to depend on the management talents and efforts of a small group of persons; therefore, the death, disability, resignation or termination of one or more of these persons could have a material adverse impact on our portfolio company and, in turn, on us. |
A portfolio companys failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by its lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, termination of its loans and foreclosure on its assets, which could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize our equity investment in such portfolio company. We may incur expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery of our equity investment or to negotiate new terms with a financially distressed portfolio company.
Our portfolio investments will generally not be in publicly traded securities. As a result, although we expect that some of our equity investments may trade on private secondary marketplaces, the fair value of our direct investments in portfolio companies will often not be readily determinable. Under the 1940 Act, for our investments for which there are no readily available market quotations, including securities that while listed
25
on a private securities exchange, have not actively traded, we will value such securities at fair value quarterly as determined in good faith by our board of directors based upon the recommendation of the Board of Directors Valuation Committee in accordance with our written valuation policy. In connection with that determination, members of our investment advisers portfolio management team will prepare portfolio company valuations using the most recent portfolio company financial statements and forecasts. The Valuation Committee intends to utilize the services of an independent valuation firm, which will prepare valuations for each of our portfolio investments that are not publicly traded or for which we do not have readily available market quotations, including securities that while listed on a private securities exchange, have not actively traded. However, the board of directors will retain ultimate authority as to the appropriate valuation of each such investment. The types of factors that the Valuation Committee will take into account in providing its fair value recommendation to the board of directors with respect to such non-traded investments will include, as relevant and, to the extent available, the portfolio companys earnings, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, comparison to valuations of publicly traded companies, comparisons to recent sales of comparable companies, the discounted value of the cash flows of the portfolio company and other relevant factors. This information may not be available because it is difficult to obtain financial and other information with respect to private companies, and even where we are able to obtain such information, there can be no assurance that it is complete or accurate. Because such valuations are inherently uncertain and may be based on estimates, our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would be assessed if a readily available market for these securities existed. Due to this uncertainty, our fair value determinations with respect to any non-traded investments we hold may cause our net asset value on a given date to materially understate or overstate the value that we may ultimately realize on one or more of our investments. As a result, investors purchasing our common stock based on an overstated net asset value would pay a higher price than the value of our investments might warrant. Conversely, investors selling shares during a period in which the net asset value understates the value of our investments will receive a lower price for their shares than the value of our investments might warrant.
We invest principally in the equity and equity-related securities of rapidly growing venture capital-backed emerging companies. However, the equity interests we acquire may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. In addition, the private company securities we acquire are often subject to drag-along rights, which could permit other stockholders, under certain circumstances, to force us to liquidate our position in a subject company at a specified price, which could be, in our opinion, inadequate or undesirable or even below our cost basis. In this event, we could realize a loss or fail to realize gain in an amount that we deem appropriate on our investment. Further, capital market volatility and the overall market environment may preclude our portfolio companies from realizing liquidity events and impede our exit from these investments. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains from our equity interests, and any gains that we do realize on the disposition of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience. We will generally have little, if any, control over the timing of any gains we may realize from our equity investments unless and until the portfolio companies in which we invest become publicly traded. In addition, the companies in which we invest may have substantial debt loads. In such cases, we would typically be last in line behind any creditors in a bankruptcy or liquidation, and would likely experience a complete loss on our investment.
Illustration. The following table illustrates the effect of leverage on returns from an investment in our common stock assuming various annual returns on the portfolio, net of expenses. The calculations in the table below are hypothetical and actual returns may be higher or lower than those appearing in the table below.
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||||||
Assumed Return on Portfolio (Net of Expenses) | -10 | % | -5 | % | 0 | % | 5 | % | 10 | % | ||||||||||
Corresponding Return to Stockholders(1) | -20.07 | % | -11.27 | % | -2.47 | % | 6.33 | % | 15.13 | % |
(1) | Assumes $503.3 million in total assets and $112.0 million in total debt outstanding, which reflects our total assets and total debt outstanding as of December 31, 2014 (adjusted to include the assumption that we issue $25.0 million of additional debt at an interest rate equal to 8% per annum). |
26
We have limited information about the financial performance and profitability of some of our portfolio companies. While according to public filings with the SEC, certain of our portfolio companies have earned net income in recent periods, we believe that many of our portfolio companies are currently experiencing operating losses. There can be no assurance when or if such companies will operate at a profit.
Our investments will generally not be in publicly traded securities. Although we expect that some of our equity investments will trade on private secondary marketplaces, certain of the securities we hold will be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. In addition, while some portfolio companies may trade on private secondary marketplaces, we can provide no assurance that such a trading market will continue or remain active, or that we will be able to sell our position in any portfolio company at the time we desire to do so and at the price we anticipate. The illiquidity of our investments, including those that are traded on private secondary marketplaces, will make it difficult for us to sell such investments if the need arises. Also, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we have previously recorded our investments. We will have no limitation on the portion of our portfolio that may be invested in illiquid securities, and a substantial portion or all of our portfolio may be invested in such illiquid securities from time to time.
In addition, because we will generally invest in equity and equity-related securities, with respect to the majority of our portfolio companies, we do not expect realization events, if any, to occur in the near term. We expect that our holdings of equity securities may require several years to appreciate in value, and we can offer no assurance that such appreciation will occur. Even if such appreciation does occur, it is likely that initial purchasers of our shares could wait for an extended period of time before any appreciation or sale of our investments, and any attendant distributions of gains, may be realized.
A consequence of our limited number of investments is that the aggregate returns we realize may be significantly adversely affected if a small number of investments perform poorly or if we need to write down the value of any one investment. For example, as of December 31, 2014, over half of our net asset value was comprised of investments in four portfolio companies. Beyond the asset diversification requirements necessary to qualify as a RIC, we have general guidelines for diversification, however, our investments could be concentrated in relatively few issuers. In addition, our investments may be concentrated in a limited number of market sectors, including in technology-related sectors. As a result, a downturn in any market sector in which a significant number of our portfolio companies operate or the deterioration of the market position of any portfolio company in which we have a material position could materially adversely affect us.
Given the experience of our investment advisers senior investment professionals and its Advisory Board members within the technology space, we expect that a number of the companies with respect to which we invest will operate in technology-related sectors. The revenues, income (or losses) and valuations of technology-related companies can and often do fluctuate suddenly and dramatically. In addition, because of rapid technological change, the average selling prices of products and some services provided by technology-related sectors have historically decreased over their productive lives. As a result, the average selling prices of products and services offered by our portfolio companies that operated in technology-related sectors may decrease over time, which could adversely affect their operating results and, correspondingly, the
27
value of any equity securities that we may hold. This could, in turn, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Following an initial investment in a portfolio company, we may make additional investments in that portfolio company as follow-on investments, in order to: (1) increase or maintain in whole or in part our equity ownership percentage; (2) exercise warrants, options or convertible securities that were acquired in the original or subsequent financing; or (3) attempt to preserve or enhance the value of our investment.
We may elect not to make follow-on investments, or may otherwise lack sufficient funds to make those investments or lack access to desired follow-on investment opportunities. We have the discretion to make any follow-on investments, subject to the availability of capital resources and of the investment opportunity. The failure to make follow-on investments may, in some circumstances, jeopardize the continued viability of a portfolio company and our initial investment, or may result in a missed opportunity for us to increase our participation in a successful operation. Even if we have sufficient capital to make a desired follow-on investment, we may elect not to make a follow-on investment because we may not want to increase our concentration of risk, because we prefer other opportunities, or because we are inhibited by compliance with business development company requirements or the desire to qualify to maintain our status as RIC or lack access to the desired follow-on investment opportunity.
In addition, we may be unable to complete follow-on investments in our portfolio companies that have conducted an initial public offering as a result of regulatory or financial restrictions.
Generally, we will not take controlling equity positions in our portfolio companies. As a result, we will be subject to the risk that a portfolio company may make business decisions with which we disagree, and the stockholders and management of a portfolio company may take risks or otherwise act in ways that are adverse to our interests. In addition, other shareholders, such as venture capital and private equity sponsors, that have substantial investments in our portfolio companies may have interests that differ from that of the portfolio company or its minority shareholders, which may lead them to take actions that could materially and adversely affect the value of our investment in the portfolio company. Due to the lack of liquidity for the equity and equity-related investments that we will typically hold in our portfolio companies, we may not be able to dispose of our investments in the event we disagree with the actions of a portfolio company or its substantial shareholders, and may therefore suffer a decrease in the value of our investments.
While we invest primarily in U.S. companies, we may invest on an opportunistic basis in certain non-U.S. companies, including those located in emerging markets, that otherwise meet our investment criteria, although in no event will the aggregate value of our non-U.S. investments exceed 30% of the aggregate value of our total investment portfolio. Investing in foreign companies, and particularly those in emerging markets, may expose us to additional risks not typically associated with investing in U.S. issues. These risks include changes in exchange control regulations, political and social instability, expropriation, imposition of foreign taxes, less liquid markets and less available information than is generally the case in the United States, higher transaction costs, less government supervision of exchanges, brokers and issuers, less developed bankruptcy laws, difficulty in enforcing contractual obligations, lack of uniform accounting and auditing standards and greater price volatility. Further, we may have difficulty enforcing our rights as equity holders in foreign jurisdictions. In addition, to the extent we invest in non-U.S. companies, we may face greater exposure to foreign economic developments.
Although we expect that most of our investments will be U.S. dollar-denominated, any investments denominated in a foreign currency will be subject to the risk that the value of a particular currency will
28
change in relation to one or more other currencies. Among the factors that may affect currency values are trade balances, the level of short-term interest rates, differences in relative values of similar assets in different currencies, long-term opportunities for investment and capital appreciation, and political developments.
If we engage in hedging transactions, we may expose ourselves to risks associated with such transactions. We may utilize instruments such as forward contracts, currency options and interest rate swaps, caps, collars and floors to seek to hedge against fluctuations in the relative values of our portfolio positions from changes in currency exchange rates and market interest rates. Hedging against a decline in the values of our portfolio positions does not eliminate the possibility of fluctuations in the values of such positions or prevent losses if the values of such positions decline. However, such hedging can establish other positions designed to gain from those same developments, thereby offsetting the decline in the value of such portfolio positions. Such hedging transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the values of the underlying portfolio positions should increase. It may not be possible to hedge against an exchange rate or interest rate fluctuation that is so generally anticipated that we are not able to enter into a hedging transaction at an acceptable price. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, we may not seek to establish a perfect correlation between such hedging instruments and the portfolio holdings being hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended hedge and expose us to risk of loss. In addition, it may not be possible to hedge fully or perfectly against currency fluctuations affecting the value of securities denominated in non-U.S. currencies because the value of those securities is likely to fluctuate as a result of factors not related to currency fluctuations.
We were initially formed in September 2010 and completed our initial public offering in May 2011. As a result, we have relatively limited financial information on which you can evaluate an investment in our company or our prior performance and a limited history of operating pursuant to the requirements to continue as a BDC under the 1940 Act and to qualify as a RIC under the Code. For example, in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, we failed to satisfy certain tests required for us to qualify as a RIC under the Code. In addition, our investment adviser, GSV Asset Management, was formed in November 2009, and has only a limited history of investing experience managing a pool of assets substantially smaller in size than the net proceeds that were received in the initial public offering. We are subject to all of the business risks and uncertainties associated with any new business, including the risk that we will not achieve our investment objective and that the value of your investment could decline substantially or fall to zero.
We intend to continue to qualify as a business development company under the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act imposes numerous constraints on the operations of business development companies. For example, business development companies are required to invest at least 70% of their gross assets in specified types of securities, primarily in private companies or thinly-traded U.S. public companies, cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities and other high quality debt investments that mature in one year or less. Furthermore, any failure to comply with the requirements imposed on business development companies by the 1940 Act could cause the SEC to bring an enforcement action against us and/or expose us to claims of private litigants. In addition, upon approval of a majority of our stockholders, we may elect to withdraw our status as a business development company. If we decide to withdraw our election, or if we otherwise fail to qualify, or maintain our qualification, as a business development company, we may be subject to the substantially greater regulation under the 1940 Act as a closed-end investment company. Compliance with such regulations would significantly decrease our operating flexibility, and could significantly increase our costs of doing business. If we do not remain a business development company, we might be regulated as a closed-end investment company under the 1940 Act, which would subject us to substantially more regulatory restrictions under the 1940 Act and correspondingly decrease our operating flexibility.
29
We depend on the diligence, skill and network of business contacts of the GSV Asset Managements senior investment professionals. These senior investment professionals, together with other investment professionals employed by GSV Asset Management, evaluate, negotiate, structure, close, monitor and service our investments. Our future success will depend to a significant extent on the continued service and coordination of our investment advisers senior investment professionals, particularly Michael T. Moe, Mark W. Flynn, William Tanona, Luben Pampoulov and Matthew Hanson. None of Messrs. Moe, Flynn, Tanona, Pampoulov or Hanson is subject to an employment contract, and none receive any compensation from us. None of Messrs. Moe, Flynn, Tanona, Pampoulov or Hanson devote all of their business time to our operations, and each have other demands on their time as a result of their other activities. The departure of any of these individuals could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our investment objective.
All of GSV Asset Managements senior investment professionals or its Advisory Board members, including Michael T. Moe, Mark W. Flynn, William Tanona, Luben Pampoulov and Matthew Hanson, are at-will employees. As a result, although Messrs. Moe, Flynn, Tanona, Pampoulov and Hanson comprise the principals of GSV Asset Management, they are free to terminate their employment with GSV Asset Management at any time. In addition, none of our investment advisers senior investment professionals or the Advisory Board members, including Messrs. Moe, Flynn, Tanona, Pampoulov and Hanson, are subject to any non-compete agreements that would restrict their ability to provide investment advisory services to an entity with an investment objective similar to our own in the event they were to terminate their employment with GSV Asset Management, or if GSV Asset Management were to no longer serve as our investment adviser. There can be no assurance that our investment adviser will be successful in retaining its senior investment professionals or the Advisory Board members, including Messrs. Moe, Flynn, Tanona, Pampoulov and Hanson. The departure of any of Messrs. Moe, Flynn, Tanona, Pampoulov or Hanson could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our investment objective.
Our growth will require that GSV Asset Management retain and attract new investment and administrative personnel in a competitive market. Its ability to attract and retain personnel with the requisite credentials, experience and skills will depend on several factors including, but not limited to, its ability to offer competitive wages, benefits and professional growth opportunities. Many of the entities with which GSV Asset Management will compete for experienced personnel, including investment funds (such as private equity funds and mezzanine funds) and traditional financial services companies, will have greater resources than it.
We are a relatively new company. As such, we are subject to the business risks and uncertainties associated with any new business enterprise. Our ability to achieve our investment objective will depend on our investment advisers ability to identify, analyze and invest in companies that meet our investment criteria. Accomplishing this result on a cost-effective basis is largely a function of our investment advisers structuring of the investment process and its ability to provide competent, attentive and efficient services to us. We seek a specified number of investments in rapidly growing venture capital-backed emerging companies, which may be extremely risky. There can be no assurance that GSV Asset Management will be successful in identifying and investing in companies that meet our investment criteria, or that we will achieve our investment objective.
In addition to monitoring the performance of our existing investments, GSV Asset Management is required to offer, and may be called upon, to provide, managerial assistance to some of our portfolio
30
companies. GSV Asset Management also currently manages GSV X Fund, LP, a global long/short absolute return fund, and Coursera@GSV Fund, LP, a special purpose vehicle comprised of an underlying investment in Coursera stock, in which we have no economic interest, and may manage one or more additional vehicles with alternative investment strategies in the future. These demands on their time may distract them or slow the rate of investment. Even if we are able to grow and build upon our investment operations, any failure to manage our growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The results of our operations will depend on many factors, including the availability of opportunities for investment, readily accessible short and long-term funding alternatives in the financial markets and economic conditions. Furthermore, if we cannot successfully operate our business or implement our investment policies and strategies as described herein, it could negatively impact our ability to pay dividends.
We will likely experience fluctuations in our quarterly operating results due to a number of factors, including the rate at which we make new investments, the level of our expenses, changes in the valuation of our portfolio investments, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which we encounter competition in our markets and general economic conditions. For example, to date we have experienced substantial negative cash flows from operations. These fluctuations may in certain cases be exaggerated as a result of our focus on realizing capital gains rather than current income from our investments. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to locate or acquire investments that are of a similar nature to those currently in our portfolio. As a result of these factors, results for any period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods.
We are substantially dependent on our informal relationships, which we use to help identify and gain access to investment opportunities. If we fail to maintain our relationships with key firms, or if we fail to establish strong referral relationships with other firms or other sources of investment opportunities, we will not be able to grow our portfolio of equity investments and achieve our investment objective. In addition, persons with whom we have informal relationships are not obligated to inform us of investment opportunities, and therefore such relationships may not lead to the origination of equity or other investments. Any loss or diminishment of such relationships could effectively reduce our ability to identify attractive portfolio companies that meet our investment criteria, either for direct equity investments or for investments through private secondary market transactions or other secondary transactions.
We have utilized and expect to continue to utilize private secondary marketplaces, such as SharesPost and SecondMarket, to acquire investments in our portfolio. When we purchase secondary shares, we may have little or no direct access to financial or other information from these portfolio companies. As a result, we are dependent upon the relationships and contacts of our investment advisers senior investment professionals, its Advisory Board members and our board of directors to obtain the information for our investment adviser to perform research and due diligence, and to monitor our investments after they are made. There can be no assurance that our investment adviser will be able to acquire adequate information on which to make its investment decision with respect to any private secondary marketplace purchases, or that the information it is able to obtain is accurate or complete. Any failure to obtain full and complete information regarding the portfolio companies with respect to which we invest through private secondary marketplaces could cause us to lose part or all of our investment in such companies, which would have a material and adverse effect on our net asset value and results of operations.
In addition, while we believe the ability to trade on private secondary marketplaces provides valuable opportunities for liquidity, there can be no assurance that the portfolio companies with respect to which we invest through private secondary marketplaces will have or maintain active trading markets, and the prices of
31
those securities may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods, which may cause an inability for us to realize full value on our investment. In addition, wide swings in market prices, which are typical of irregularly traded securities, could cause significant and unexpected declines in the value of our portfolio investments. Further, prices in private secondary marketplaces, where limited information is available, may not accurately reflect the true value of a portfolio company, and may overstate a portfolio companys actual value, which may cause us to realize future capital losses on our investment in that portfolio company. If any of the foregoing were to occur, it would likely have a material and adverse effect on our net asset value and results of operations.
Investments in private companies, including through private secondary marketplaces, also entail additional legal and regulatory risks which expose participants to the risk of liability due to the imbalance of information among participants and participant qualification and other transactional requirements applicable to private securities transactions, the non-compliance with which could result in rescission rights and monetary and other sanctions. The application of these laws within the context of private secondary marketplaces and related market practices are still evolving, and, despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, we could be exposed to liability. The regulation of private secondary marketplaces is also evolving. Additional state or federal regulation of these markets could result in limits on the operation of or activity on those markets. Conversely, deregulation of these markets could make it easier for investors to invest directly in private companies and affect the attractiveness of our company as an access vehicle for investment in private shares. Private companies may also increasingly seek to limit secondary trading in their stock, such as through contractual transfer restrictions, and provisions in company charter documents, investor rights of first refusal and co-sale and/or employment and trading policies further restricting trading. To the extent that these or other developments result in reduced trading activity and/or availability of private company shares, our ability to find investment opportunities and to liquidate our investments could be adversely affected.
Most of our investments are or will be in equity or equity-related securities of privately-held companies. The securities we acquire in private companies are typically subject to contractual transfer limitations, which may include prohibitions on transfer without the companys consent may require that shares owned by us be held in escrow and may include provisions in company charter documents, investor rights of first refusal and co-sale and/or employment or trading policies further restricting trading. In order to complete a purchase of shares we may need to, among other things, give the issuer, its assignees or its stockholders a particular period of time, often 30 days or more, in which to exercise a veto right, or a right of first refusal over, the sale of such securities. We may be unable to complete a purchase transaction if the subject company or its stockholders chooses to exercise a veto right or right of first refusal. When we complete an investment, we generally become bound to the contractual transfer limitations imposed on the subject companys stockholders as well as other contractual obligations, such as co-sale or tag-along rights. These obligations generally expire only upon an IPO by the subject company. As a result, prior to an IPO, our ability to liquidate may be constrained. Transfer restrictions could limit our ability to liquidate our positions in these securities if we are unable to find buyers acceptable to our portfolio companies, or where applicable, their stockholders. Such buyers may not be willing to purchase our investments at adequate prices or in volumes sufficient to liquidate our position, and even where they are willing, other stockholders could exercise their co-sales or tag-along rights to participate in the sale, thereby reducing the number of shares sellable by us. Furthermore, prospective buyers may be deterred from entering into purchase transactions with us due to the delay and uncertainty that these transfer and other limitations create.
Although we believe that secondary marketplaces may offer an opportunity to liquidate our private company investments, there can be no assurance that a trading market will develop for the securities that we wish to liquidate or that the subject companies will permit their shares to be sold through such marketplaces. Even if some of our portfolio companies complete IPOs, we are typically subject to lock-up provisions that prohibit us from selling our investments into the public market for specified periods of time after IPOs. As a result, the market price of securities that we hold may decline substantially before we are able to sell these securities following an IPO.
32
Due to the illiquid nature of most of our investments, we may not be able to sell these securities at times when we deem it advantageous to do so, or at all. Because our net asset value is only determined on a quarterly basis and due to the difficulty in assessing this value, our net asset value may not fully reflect the illiquidity of our portfolio, which may change on daily basis, depending on many factors, including the status of the private secondary markets and our particular portfolio at any given time.
We invest primarily in rapidly growing venture capital-backed emerging companies, either through private secondary transactions, other secondary transactions or direct investments in companies. Such private companies frequently have much more complex capital structures than traditional publicly-traded companies, and may have multiple classes of equity securities with differing rights, including with respect to voting and distributions. In addition, it is often difficult to obtain financial and other information with respect to private companies, and even where we are able to obtain such information, there can be no assurance that it is complete or accurate. In certain cases, such private companies may also have senior or pari passu preferred stock or senior debt outstanding, which may heighten the risk of investing in the underlying equity of such private companies, particularly in circumstances when we have limited information with respect to such capital structures. Although we believe that our investment advisers senior investment professionals, our Advisory Board members and our board of directors have extensive experience evaluating and investing in private companies with such complex capital structures, there can be no assurance that we will be able to adequately evaluate the relative risks and benefits of investing in a particular class of a portfolio companys equity securities. Any failure on our part to properly evaluate the relative rights and value of a class of securities in which we invest could cause us to lose part or all of our investment, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on our net asset value and results of operations.
As a business development company, we need the ability to raise additional capital for investment purposes. Without sufficient access to the capital markets, we may be forced to curtail our business operations or we may not be able to pursue new business opportunities. Disruptive conditions in the financial industry and any new legislation in response to those conditions could restrict our business operations and could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
To the extent we do utilize leverage and the fair value of our assets declines substantially, we may fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios imposed upon us by the 1940 Act. Any such failure would affect our ability to issue senior securities, including borrowings, and pay dividends, which could materially impair our business operations. Our liquidity could be impaired further by an inability to access the capital markets. For example, we cannot be certain that we will be able to raise additional equity capital to provide funding for normal operations, including new investments. Reflecting concern about the stability of the financial markets, many institutional investors have reduced or ceased providing funding to certain borrowers. This market turmoil has led to increased market volatility and widespread reduction of business activity generally.
A large number of entities compete with us to make the types of direct equity investments that we target as part of our business strategy. We compete for such investments with a large number of private equity and venture capital funds, other equity and non-equity based investment funds, investment banks and other sources of financing, including traditional financial services companies such as commercial banks and specialty finance companies. Many of our competitors are substantially larger than us and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. For example, some competitors may have a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources that are not available to us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more relationships than us. Furthermore, many of our competitors are not subject to the regulatory restrictions that the 1940 Act imposes on us as a business development company. There can be no assurance that the competitive pressures we face will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Also, as a result of this competition, we may not be able to take
33
advantage of attractive investment opportunities from time to time, and we can offer no assurance that we will be able to identify and make direct equity investments that are consistent with our investment objective.
The incentive fee payable by us to GSV Asset Management may create an incentive for GSV Asset Management to make investments on our behalf that are risky or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of such compensation arrangement. The way in which the incentive fee payable to GSV Asset Management is determined, which is calculated as a percentage of the return on invested capital, may encourage GSV Asset Management to use leverage to increase the return on our investments. In addition, the fact that our base management fee is payable based upon our gross assets, which is our total assets as reflected on our balance sheet (with no deduction for liabilities), may encourage GSV Asset Management to use leverage to make additional investments. On September 17, 2013, we completed a private placement of 5-year unsecured 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes. A total of $69.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes were issued at the closing. We entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the Loan Agreement), effective December 31, 2013, with Silicon Valley Bank to provide us with a new $18 million credit facility (the Credit Facility). Under the Credit Facility, we are permitted to borrow an amount equal to the lesser of $18 million or 20% of our then-current net asset value. The Credit Facility, among other things, matures on December 31, 2016, and bears interest at a per annum rate equal to the greater of (i) the prime rate plus 4.75% and (ii) 8.0%. We will be required, however, to obtain the approval of our board of directors before we incur any additional indebtedness. Under certain circumstances, the use of leverage may increase the likelihood of default, which would disfavor holders of our common stock. Such a practice could result in our investing in more speculative securities than would otherwise be the case, which could result in higher investment losses, particularly during cyclical economic downturns.
In addition, our investment adviser has control over the timing of the acquisition and dispositions of our investments, and therefore over when we realize gains and losses on our investments. As a result, our investment adviser may face a conflict of interest in determining when it is appropriate to dispose of a specific investment to the extent doing so may serve to maximize its incentive fee at a point where disposing of such investment may not necessarily be in the best interests of our stockholders. Our board of directors monitors such conflicts of interest in connection with its review of the performance of our investment adviser under our Investment Advisory Agreement, as well as during its quarterly review of our financial performance and results of operations.
Borrowings, also known as leverage, magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and, therefore, increase the risks associated with investing in our securities. In addition to the Convertible Senior Notes we may borrow from and issue senior debt securities to banks, insurance companies and other lenders. Lenders of such senior securities would have fixed dollar claims on our assets that are superior to the claims of our common stockholders. If the value of our assets increases, then leveraging would cause the net asset value attributable to our common stock to increase more sharply than it would have had we not leveraged. Conversely, if the value of our assets decreases, leveraging would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any increase in our income in excess of interest payable on the borrowed funds would cause our net income to increase more than it would without the leverage, while any decrease in our income would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique. Our ability to service the Convertible Senior Notes and any future debt that we incur will depend largely on our financial performance and will be subject to prevailing economic conditions and competitive pressures. Moreover, as the management fee payable to GSV Asset Management will be payable on our gross assets, including those assets acquired through the use of leverage, GSV Asset Management may have a financial incentive to incur additional leverage which may not be consistent with our stockholders interests. In addition, our common stockholders will bear the burden of any increase in our expenses as a result of such leverage, including any increase in the management fee payable to GSV Asset Management. As a result of our use of leverage, we have experienced a substantial increase in operating expenses and may continue to do so in the future.
34
We have entered into an Investment Advisory Agreement with GSV Asset Management. GSV Asset Management is controlled by Michael T. Moe, our chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors, William F. Tanona, our chief financial officer, treasurer and corporate secretary and Mark W. Flynn, our president. Messrs. Moe, Tanona and Flynn, as principals of GSV Asset Management, collectively manage the business and internal affairs of GSV Asset Management. In addition, GSV Capital Service Company provides us with office facilities and administrative services pursuant to an Administration Agreement. Mr. Tanona is the managing member of and controls GSV Capital Service Company. While there is no limit on the total amount of expenses we may be required to reimburse to GSV Capital Service Company, our administrator will only charge us for the actual expenses it incurs on our behalf, or our allocable portion thereof, without any profit to GSV Capital Service Company.
In addition, our executive officers and directors, and the principals of our investment adviser, GSV Asset Management, serve or may serve as officers and directors of entities that operate in a line of business similar to our own, including new entities that may be formed in the future. Accordingly, they may have obligations to investors in those entities, the fulfillment of which might not be in the best interests of us or our stockholders, such as, for example, the management of GSV X Fund and Coursera@GSV Fund, L.P. and certain entities affiliated with the GSV Financial Group, by GSV Asset Management.
While the investment focus of each of these entities may be different from our investment objective, it is likely that new investment opportunities that meet our investment objective will come to the attention of one of these entities, or new entities that will likely be formed in the future in connection with another investment advisory client or program, and, if so, such opportunity might not be offered, or otherwise made available, to us. However, our executive officers, directors and investment adviser intend to treat us in a fair and equitable manner consistent with their applicable duties under law so that we will not be disadvantaged in relation to any other particular client. In addition, while GSV Asset Management anticipates that it will from time to time identify investment opportunities that are appropriate for both GSV Capital and the other funds that are currently or in the future may be managed by GSV Asset Management, to the extent it does identify such opportunities, GSV Asset Management has established an allocation policy to ensure that GSV Capital has priority over such other funds. Our board of directors will monitor on a quarterly basis any such allocation of investment opportunities between GSV Capital and any such other funds.
GSV Asset Management is the owner of the GSV name and marks, which we are permitted to use pursuant to a non-exclusive license agreement between us and GSV Asset Management. GSV Asset Management and its principals also use and may permit other entities to use the GSV name and marks in connection with businesses and activities unrelated to our operations. The use of the GSV name and marks in connection with businesses and activities unrelated to our operations may not be in the best interest of us or our stockholder and may result in actual or perceived conflicts of interest.
In the ordinary course of business, we may enter into transactions with portfolio companies that may be considered related party transactions. In order to ensure that we do not engage in any prohibited transactions with any persons affiliated with us, we have implemented certain written policies and procedures whereby our executive officers screen each of our transactions for any possible affiliations between the proposed portfolio investment, us, companies controlled by us and our executive officers and directors. We will not enter into any agreements unless and until we are satisfied that doing so will not raise concerns under the 1940 Act or, if such concerns exist, we have taken appropriate actions to seek board review and approval or exemptive relief for such transaction. Our board of directors will review these procedures on an annual basis.
We have also adopted a Code of Ethics which applies to, among others, our senior officers, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as well as all of our officers, directors and employees. Our officers and directors also remain subject to the fiduciary obligations imposed by both the 1940 Act and applicable state corporate law. Our Code of Ethics requires that all employees and directors avoid any conflict, or the appearance of a conflict, between an individuals personal interests and our interests. Pursuant to our Code of Ethics, each employee and director must disclose any conflicts of interest, or actions or relationships that might give rise to a conflict, to our chief compliance officer. Our board of directors is charged with
35
approving any waivers under our Code of Ethics. As required by the NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards, the Audit Committee of our board of directors is also required to review and approve any transactions with related parties, as such term is defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K. In accordance with Item 404, related parties generally include our directors and executive officers, any nominees for director, any immediate family member of a director or executive officer or nominee for director, and any other person sharing the household of such director, executive officer or nominee for director.
Finally, we pay GSV Capital Service Company our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by GSV Capital Service Company in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including a portion of the rent and the compensation of our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer other staff providing any administrative services, which creates conflicts of interest that our board of directors must monitor.
Our investment adviser has the right, under the Investment Advisory Agreement, to resign at any time upon not more than 60 days written notice, whether we have found a replacement or not. If our investment adviser resigns, we may not be able to find a new investment adviser or hire internal management with similar expertise and ability to provide the same or equivalent services on acceptable terms within 60 days, or at all. If we are unable to do so quickly, our operations are likely to experience a disruption, our financial condition, business and results of operations as well as our ability to pay distributions are likely to be adversely affected and the market price of our shares may decline. In addition, the coordination of our internal management and investment activities is likely to suffer if we are unable to identify and reach an agreement with a single institution or group of executives having the expertise possessed by our investment adviser and its affiliates. Even if we are able to retain comparable management, whether internal or external, the integration of such management and their lack of familiarity with our investment objective may result in additional costs and time delays that may adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.
The 1940 Act imposes numerous constraints on the operations of business development companies. For example, business development companies are required to invest at least 70% of their total assets primarily in securities of U.S.-based private companies or public companies with market capitalizations of less than $250 million, cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities and other high quality debt instruments that mature in one year or less. In addition, qualification for taxation as a RIC requires satisfaction of source-of-income, diversification and distribution requirements. GSV Asset Management has limited experience investing under these constraints. These constraints, among others, may hinder GSV Asset Managements ability to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities and to achieve our investment objective.
Although we focus on achieving capital gains from our investments, in certain cases we may receive current income, such as interest or dividends, on our investments. Because in certain cases we may recognize such current income before or without receiving cash representing such income, we may have difficulty satisfying the annual distribution requirement applicable to RICs. Accordingly, if we qualify and elect to be taxed as a RIC, we may have to sell some of our investments at times we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or reduce new investments to meet these distribution requirements. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus would be subject to corporate-level income tax.
36
We may in the future issue additional debt securities or preferred stock and/or borrow money from banks or other financial institutions, which we refer to collectively (along with the Convertible Senior Notes) as senior securities, up to the maximum amount permitted by the 1940 Act. Under the provisions of the 1940 Act, we are permitted, as a business development company, to issue senior securities in amounts such that our asset coverage ratio, as defined in the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% of gross assets less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, after each issuance of senior securities. If the value of our assets declines, we may be unable to satisfy this test. If that happens, we may be required to sell a portion of our investments and, depending on the nature of our leverage, repay a portion of our indebtedness at a time when such sales may be disadvantageous. Furthermore, any amounts that we use to service our indebtedness would not be available for distributions to our common stockholders.
All of the costs of offering and servicing the Convertible Senior Notes and any additional debt or preferred stock, including interest or preferential dividend payments thereon, will be borne by our common stockholders. The interests of the holders of any debt or preferred stock we may issue will not necessarily be aligned with the interests of our common stockholders. In particular, the rights of holders of our debt or preferred stock to receive interest, dividends or principal repayment will be senior to those of our common stockholders. Also, in the event we issue preferred stock, the holders of such preferred stock will have the ability to elect two members of our board of directors. In addition, we may grant a lender a security interest in a significant portion or all of our assets, even if the total amount we may borrow from such lender is less than the amount of such lenders security interest in our assets. In no event, however, will any lender to us have any veto power over, or any vote with respect to, any change in our, or approval of any new, investment objective or investment policies or strategies.
We are not generally able to issue and sell our common stock at a price below net asset value per share. We may, however, sell our common stock, or warrants, options or rights to acquire our common stock, at a price below the then-current net asset value of our common stock if our board of directors determines that such sale is in the best interests of GSV Capital and its stockholders, and our stockholders approve such sale. In any such case, the price at which our securities are to be issued and sold may not be less than a price which, in the determination of our board of directors, closely approximates the market value of such securities (less any distributing commission or discount). We are also generally prohibited under the 1940 Act from issuing securities convertible into voting securities without obtaining the approval of our existing stockholders.
In addition to regulatory requirements that restrict our ability to raise capital, the Convertible Senior Notes contain various covenants which, if not complied with, could require us to repurchase the Convertible Senior Notes thereby materially and adversely affecting our liquidity, financial condition, results of operations and ability to pay dividends.
The Convertible Senior Notes require us to comply with certain financial and operational covenants. These covenants require us to, among other things, maintain certain financial ratios, including asset coverage, debt to equity and interest coverage. Our ability to continue to comply with these covenants in the future depends on many factors, some of which are beyond our control. There are no assurances that we will be able to comply with these covenants. Failure to comply with these covenants would result in a default which, if we were unable to obtain a waiver from the lenders under the Convertible Senior Notes and accelerate repurchase of the Convertible Senior Notes and thereby have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, financial condition, results of operations and ability to pay dividends. In addition, holders of the Convertible Senior Notes will have the right to require us to repurchase the Convertible Senior Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a repurchase price equal to 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases.
37
We may elect to be treated for federal income tax purposes as a RIC effective for the 2013 tax year. In September, 2014 we filed our 2013 tax return as a RIC and are seeking to be granted RIC status for our 2013 taxable year, however, we will not be eligible to elect to be treated as a RIC for the 2013 taxable year unless we are certified by the SEC as principally engaged in the furnishing of capital to other corporations which are principally engaged in the development or exploitation of inventions, technological improvements, new processes, or products not previously generally available for the 2013 taxable year. Although we filed an application with the SEC for an SEC Certification for the 2013 taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will receive an SEC Certification. In the event that we do not receive such SEC Certification or we are otherwise unable to meet all of the qualifications to be treated as a RIC for 2013, we will be taxed as a C Corporation for the 2013 taxable year. To that end, for purposes of our financial statements, we have accrued taxes as though we were a C Corporation for the 2013 taxable year, in the event we are unable to qualify as a RIC. Should we not qualify as a RIC for 2013, we intend to elect to be treated as a RIC for our 2014 taxable year, if management determines that it is in our best interests to do so. For example, it may not be in our best interests in the event that we experience large operating losses or have large loss carryforwards. If we opt not to do so or are unable to qualify, we will continue to be taxed as a C corporation under the Code for our 2014 taxable year. See Business Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.
Management generally believes that it will be in our best interests to be treated a RIC in any year in which we are profitable. If we fail to qualify as a RIC for any year in which we are profitable and such profits exceed certain loss carryforwards that we are entitled to utilize, we will be subject to corporate-level tax on our income, which could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distribution or reinvestment and the amount of our distributions. Such a failure could have a material adverse effect on us and our stockholders.
We may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in part in our common stock. In accordance with certain applicable Treasury regulations and private letter rulings issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), a RIC may treat a distribution of its own common stock as fulfilling the RIC distribution requirements if each stockholder may elect to receive his or her entire distribution in either cash or common stock of the RIC, subject to a limitation that the aggregate amount of cash to be distributed to all stockholders must be at least 20% of the aggregate declared distribution. If too many stockholders elect to receive cash, each stockholder electing to receive cash must receive a pro rata amount of cash (with the balance of the distribution paid in common stock). In no event will any stockholder, electing to receive cash, receive less than 20% of his or her entire distribution in cash. If these and certain other requirements are met, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the amount of the dividend paid in common stock will be equal to the amount of cash that could have been received instead of common stock. Taxable stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as ordinary income (or as long-term capital gain to the extent such distribution is properly reported as a capital gain dividend) to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, a U.S. stockholder may be required to pay tax with respect to such dividends in excess of any cash received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our common stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to Non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in common stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our common stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock.
38
The base management fee will be calculated at an annual rate of 2.0% of the value of our gross assets, which we pay monthly in arrears. The base management fee is payable regardless of whether the value of our gross assets or your investment declines. As a result, we will owe GSV Asset Management a base management fee regardless of whether we incurred significant realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation (losses) during the period for which the base management fee is paid.
As a publicly traded company, we incur legal, accounting and other expenses, including costs associated with the periodic reporting requirements applicable to a company whose securities are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as well as additional corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and other rules implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Our charter permits our board of directors to reclassify any authorized but unissued shares of stock into one or more classes of preferred stock. Our board of directors will generally have broad discretion over the size and timing of any such reclassification, subject to a finding that the reclassification and issuance of such preferred stock is in the best interests of GSV Capital and our existing common stockholders. Any issuance of preferred stock would be subject to certain limitations imposed under the 1940 Act, including the requirement that such preferred stock have equal voting rights with our outstanding common stock. We are authorized to issue up to 100,000,000 shares of common stock. In the event our board of directors opts to reclassify a portion of our unissued shares of common stock into a class of preferred stock, those preferred shares would have a preference over our common stock with respect to dividends and liquidation. The cost of any such reclassification would be borne by our existing common stockholders. In addition, the 1940 Act provides that holders of preferred stock are entitled to vote separately from holders of common stock to elect two directors. As a result, our preferred stockholders will have the ability to reject a director that would otherwise be elected by our common stockholders. In addition, while Maryland law generally requires directors to act in the best interests of all of a corporations stockholders, there can be no assurance that a director elected by our preferred stockholders will not chose to act in a manner that tends to favors our preferred stockholders, particularly where there is a conflict between the interests of our preferred stockholders and our common stockholders. The class voting rights of any preferred shares we may issue could make it more difficult for us to take some actions that may, in the future, be proposed by the board of directors and/or the holders of our common stock, such as a merger, exchange of securities, liquidation, or alteration of the rights of a class of our securities, if these actions were perceived by the holders of preferred shares as not in their best interests. The issuance of preferred shares convertible into shares of common stock might also reduce the net income and net asset value per share of our common stock upon conversion. These effects, among others, could have an adverse effect on your investment in our common stock.
Our board of directors has the authority to modify or waive our investment objective, current operating policies, investment criteria and strategies without prior notice and without stockholder approval. We cannot predict the effect any changes to our current operating policies, investment criteria and strategies would have on our business, net asset value, operating results and value of our stock. However, the effects might be adverse, which could negatively impact our ability to pay you dividends and cause you to lose all or part of your investment.
We and our portfolio companies are subject to regulation by laws at the local, state and federal levels. These laws and regulations, as well as their interpretation, may be changed from time to time. Any change in these laws or regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business and the value of your investment.
39
Our charter and bylaws, as well as certain statutory and regulatory requirements, contain certain provisions that may have the effect of discouraging a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting any and all acquisitions by any person of our shares of stock from the Control Share Act under the Maryland General Corporation Law. If our board of directors does not otherwise approve a business combination, the Control Share Act (if we amend our bylaws to be subject to that Act) may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer. Additionally, under our charter, our board of directors is divided into three classes serving staggered terms; our board of directors may, without stockholder action, authorize the issuance of shares of stock in one or more classes or series, including preferred stock; and our board of directors may, without stockholder action, amend our charter to increase the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue. These antitakeover provisions may inhibit a change of control in circumstances that could otherwise give the holders of our common stock the opportunity to realize a premium over the market price for our common stock.
Our business is highly dependent on our and third parties communications and information systems. Any failure or interruption of those systems, including as a result of the termination of an agreement with any third-party service providers, could cause delays or other problems in our activities. Our financial, accounting, data processing, backup or other operating systems and facilities may fail to operate properly or become disabled or damaged as a result of a number of factors including events that are wholly or partially beyond our control and adversely affect our business. There could be:
| sudden electrical or telecommunications outages; |
| natural disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes; |
| disease pandemics; |
| events arising from local or larger scale political or social matters, including terrorist acts; and |
| cyber-attacks. |
These events, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and negatively affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially. The price of our common stock that will prevail in the market after any future offering may be higher or lower than the price you pay, depending on many factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be directly related to our operating performance. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
| price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; |
| investor demand for our shares; |
| significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of securities of regulated investment companies, business development companies or other financial services companies; |
| changes in regulatory policies or tax guidelines with respect to regulated investment companies or business development companies; |
| failure to qualify as a RIC for a particular taxable year, or the loss of RIC status; |
40
| actual or anticipated changes in our earnings or fluctuations in our operating results or changes in the expectations of securities analysts; |
| general economic conditions and trends; |
| fluctuations in the valuation of our portfolio investments; |
| operating performance of companies comparable to us; |
| market sentiment against technology-related companies; or |
| departures of any of the senior investment professionals or Advisory Board members of GSV Asset Management. |
In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a companys securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Due to the potential volatility of our stock price, we may therefore be the target of securities litigation in the future. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert managements attention and resources from our business.
Shares of business development companies like us may, during some periods, trade at prices higher than their net asset value per share and, during other periods, as frequently occurs with closed-end investment companies, trade at prices lower than their net asset value per share. The perceived value of our investment portfolio may be affected by a number of factors including perceived prospects for individual companies we invest in, market conditions for common stock generally, for initial public offerings and other exit events for venture capital-backed companies, and the mix of companies in our investment portfolio over time. Negative or unforeseen developments affecting the perceived value of companies in our investment portfolio could result in a decline in the trading price of our common stock relative to our net asset value per share.
The possibility that our shares will trade at a discount from net asset value or at premiums that are unsustainable are risks separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value per share will decrease. The risk of purchasing shares of a business development company that might trade at a discount or unsustainable premium is more pronounced for investors who wish to sell their shares in a relatively short period of time because, for those investors, realization of a gain or loss on their investments is likely to be more dependent upon changes in premium or discount levels than upon increases or decreases in net asset value per share.
We cannot assure you that we will achieve investment results or maintain a tax status that will allow or require any specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in cash distributions. As we intend to focus on making primarily capital gains-based investments in equity securities, which generally will not be income producing, we do not anticipate that we will pay dividends on a quarterly basis or become a predictable issuer of dividends, and we expect that our dividends, if any, will be less consistent than other business development companies that primarily make debt investments. To date, we have distributed no dividends and are not certain as to when we will be able to distribute dividends in the future.
We have significant flexibility in applying the proceeds of our offerings and may use the net proceeds from such offerings in ways with which you may not agree, or for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of the offering. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully utilize the proceeds within the timeframe contemplated. We will also pay operating expenses, and may pay other expenses such as due diligence expenses of potential new investments, from net proceeds. Our ability to achieve our investment objective may be limited to the extent that the net proceeds of an offering, pending full investment, are used to pay operating expenses. In addition, we can provide you no assurance that any such offerings will be successful, or that by increasing the size of our available equity capital our aggregate expenses, and correspondingly, our expense ratio, will be lowered.
41
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments |
Not applicable.
Item 2. | Properties |
Our corporate headquarters are located at 2925 Woodside Road, Woodside, California, 94062, in the offices of GSV Capital Service Company. We do not own or lease any office space directly; however, we will pay a portion of the rent as allocated to us by GSV Capital Service Company. Our office facilities are suitable and adequate for our business as it is presently conducted.
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings |
We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings, nor, to our knowledge, is any material legal proceeding threatened against us. From time to time, we may be a party to certain legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including proceedings relating to the enforcement of our rights under contracts with our portfolio companies. While the outcome of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not expect that these proceedings will have a material effect upon our financial condition or results of operations.
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures |
Not applicable.
42
Item 5. | Market for Registrants Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |
Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol GSVC. The following table sets forth, for each fiscal quarter since our initial public offering on April 28, 2011, the net asset value, or NAV, per share of our common stock, the high and low sales prices for our common stock, and such sales prices as a percentage of NAV per share. The last reported closing market price of our common stock on March 13, 2015 was $9.74.
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||||||
NAV(1) | Price Range | High Sales Price as a Premium (Discount) to NAV(2) |
Low Sales Price as a Premium (Discount) to NAV(2) |
|||||||||||||||||
High | Low | |||||||||||||||||||
Fiscal 2015 |
||||||||||||||||||||
First Quarter (through March 13, 2015) | $ | * | $ | 10.49 | $ | 8.64 | * | * | ||||||||||||
Fiscal 2014 |
||||||||||||||||||||
Fourth Quarter | $ | 14.80 | $ | 10.40 | $ | 8.22 | (29.7 | )% | (44.5 | )% | ||||||||||
Third Quarter | 15.17 | 11.70 | 9.45 | (22.9 | ) | (37.7 | ) | |||||||||||||
Second Quarter | 14.86 | 10.84 | 8.46 | (27.1 | ) | (43.1 | ) | |||||||||||||
First Quarter | 14.91 | 13.79 | 9.81 | (7.5 | ) | (34.2 | ) | |||||||||||||
Fiscal 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||||
Fourth Quarter | $ | 14.91 | $ | 16.90 | $ | 10.12 | 13.3 | % | (32.1 | )% | ||||||||||
Third Quarter | 13.16 | 15.50 | 7.82 | 17.8 | (40.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Second Quarter | 12.87 | 8.44 | 7.42 | (34.4 | ) | (42.3 | ) | |||||||||||||
First Quarter | 12.69 | 9.14 | 7.79 | (28.0 | ) | (38.6 | ) |
(1) | NAV per share is determined as of the last day in the relevant quarter and therefore may not reflect the NAV per share on the date of the high and low sales prices. The NAV per share figures shown are based on outstanding shares at the end of each period. |
(2) | Calculated as the respective high or low sales price during the quarter divided by NAV per share on the last trading day of the quarter. |
* | Not determinable as of the date of this report. |
Shares of business development companies may trade at a market price that is less than the value of the net assets attributable to those shares. The possibility that our shares of common stock will trade at premiums that are unsustainable over the long term or at a discount from net asset value are separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value will decrease. Shares of our common stock have historically traded at both a discount and a premium to the net assets attributable to those shares. As of December 31, 2014, our shares of common stock traded at a discount of approximately 41.7% to our NAV per share of $14.80.
As of February 20, 2015, there were 117 holders of record of our common stock.
The timing and amount of our dividends, if any, will be determined by our board of directors. Any dividends to our stockholders will be declared out of assets legally available for distribution. We intend to focus on making capital gains-based investments. As a consequence, we do not anticipate that we will pay dividends on a quarterly basis or become a predictable issuer of dividends, and we expect that our dividends, if any, will be much less consistent than other business development companies that primarily make debt investments. However, to the extent there are earnings or realized capital gains to be distributed, we intend to declare and pay a dividend at least annually. We have not declared any dividends since inception and are not certain as to when we will be able to distribute dividends in the future.
43
We intend to elect to be treated, and intend to qualify annually thereafter, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code, beginning with our 2013 taxable year. In September, 2014 we filed our 2013 tax return as a RIC and are seeking to be granted RIC status for our 2013 taxable year, however, we will not be eligible to elect to be treated as a RIC for the 2013 taxable year unless we are certified by the SEC as principally engaged in the furnishing of capital to other corporations which are principally engaged in the development or exploitation of inventions, technological improvements, new processes, or products not
previously generally available for the 2013 taxable year. Although we filed an application with the SEC for an SEC Certification for the 2013 taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will receive an SEC Certification. In the event that we do not receive such SEC Certification or we are otherwise unable to meet all of the qualifications to be treated as a RIC for 2013, we will be taxed as a C Corporation for the 2013 taxable year. To that end, for purposes of our financial statements, we have accrued taxes as though we were a C Corporation for the 2013 taxable year, in the event we are unable to qualify as a RIC. Should we not qualify as a RIC for 2013, we intend to elect to be treated as a RIC for our 2014 taxable year, if management determines that it is in our best interests to do so. For example, it may not be in our best interests in the event that we experience large operating losses or have large loss carryforwards. If we opt not to do so or are unable to qualify, we
will continue to be taxed as a C corporation under the Code for our 2014 taxable year. See Business Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.
To obtain and maintain RIC tax treatment, we must, among other things, distribute at least 90% of our ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any. In order to avoid certain excise taxes imposed on RICs, we currently intend to distribute during each calendar year an amount at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of our ordinary income for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of our capital gains in excess of capital losses for the one-year period ending on October 31 of the calendar year and (3) any ordinary income and net capital gains for preceding years that were not distributed during such years. In addition, although we currently intend to distribute realized net capital gains (i.e., net long-term capital gains in excess of net short-term capital losses), if any, at least annually, we may in the future decide to retain such capital gains for investment. If this happens, the Companys stockholders will be treated as if they received an actual distribution of the capital gains we retain and reinvested the net after-tax proceeds in us. Stockholders also may be eligible to claim a tax credit (or, in certain circumstances, a tax refund) equal to the allocable share of the tax we paid on the capital gains deemed distributed to them. See Business Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations. We can offer no assurance that we will achieve results that will permit the payment of any cash distributions and, to the extent that we issue senior securities, we will be prohibited from making distributions if doing so causes us to fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios stipulated by the 1940 Act or if distributions are limited by the terms of any of our borrowings.
Our current intention is to make any distributions out of assets legally available in additional shares of our common stock under our dividend reinvestment plan, except in the case of stockholders who elect to receive dividends and/or long-term capital gains distributions in cash. Under the dividend reinvestment plan, if a stockholder owns shares of common stock registered in its own name, the stockholder will have all cash distributions (net of any withholding) automatically reinvested in additional shares of common stock unless the stockholder opts out of our dividend reinvestment plan by delivering a written notice to our dividend paying agent prior to the record date of the next dividend or distribution. See Market for Registrants Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Dividend Reinvestment Plan. Any distributions reinvested under the plan will nevertheless remain taxable to the U.S. stockholder, although no cash distribution has been made. As a result, if a stockholder does not elect to opt out of the dividend reinvestment plan, it will be required to pay applicable federal, state and local taxes on any reinvested dividends even though it will not receive a corresponding cash distribution. In addition, reinvested dividends have the effect of increasing our gross assets, which may correspondingly increase the management fee payable to our investment adviser. If stockholders hold shares in the name of a broker or financial intermediary, they should contact the broker or financial intermediary regarding their election to receive distributions in cash.
44
We have reported all sales of our unregistered equity securities that occurred during the period covered by this report in our Reports on Form 10-Q or Form 8-K, as applicable.
For the year ended December 31, 2014, we did not purchase any shares of our common stock.
The following graph compares the return on our common stock with that of the Standard & Poors 500 Stock Index and the NASDAQ Stock Index, as we do not believe there is an appropriate index of companies with an investment strategy similar to our own with which to compare the return on our common stock, for the period from April 28, 2011 (the date of our initial public offering) to December 31, 2014. The graph assumes that, on April 28, 2011, a person invested $100 in each of our common stock, the Standard & Poors 500 Stock Index and the NASDAQ Stock Index. The graph measures total shareholder return, which takes into account both changes in stock price and dividends. It assumes that dividends are reinvested in like securities.
We have adopted a dividend reinvestment plan, through which all dividends are paid to stockholders in the form of additional shares of our common stock, unless a stockholder elects to receive cash as provided below. In this way, a stockholder can maintain an undiluted investment in us and still allow us to pay out the required distributable income.
No action is required on the part of a registered stockholder to receive a distribution in shares of our common stock. A registered stockholder may elect to receive an entire distribution in cash by notifying American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, the plan administrator and our transfer agent and registrar, in writing so that such notice is received by the plan administrator no later than 10 days prior to the record date
45
for distributions to stockholders. The plan administrator will set up an account for shares acquired through the plan for each stockholder who has not elected to receive distributions in cash and hold such shares in non-certificated form. Upon request by a participant, received in writing not less than 10 days prior to the record date, the plan administrator will, instead of crediting shares to the participants account, issue a certificate registered in the participants name for the number of whole shares of our common stock and a check for any fractional share.
Those stockholders whose shares are held by a broker or other financial intermediary may receive distributions in cash by notifying their broker or other financial intermediary of their election.
We use only newly-issued shares to implement the plan, whether our shares are trading at a premium or at a discount to net asset value. The number of shares to be issued to a stockholder is determined by dividing the total dollar amount of the distribution payable to such stockholder by the market price per share of our common stock at the close of regular trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market on the valuation date for such distribution. Market price per share on that date will be the closing price for such shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market or, if no sale is reported for such day, at the average of their electronically-reported bid and asked prices. The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after giving effect to payment of the distribution cannot be established until the value per share at which additional shares will be issued has been determined and elections of our stockholders have been tabulated.
There is no charge to stockholders for receiving their distributions in the form of additional shares of our common stock. The plan administrators fees for handling distributions in stock are paid by us. There are no brokerage charges with respect to shares we have issued directly as a result of distributions payable in stock. If a participant elects by written or telephonic notice to the plan administrator to have the plan administrator sell part or all of the shares held by the plan administrator in the participants account and remit the proceeds to the participant, the plan administrator is authorized to deduct a $15 transaction fee plus brokerage commissions from the proceeds.
Stockholders who receive distributions in the form of stock are subject to the same federal, state and local tax consequences as are stockholders who elect to receive their distributions in cash. A stockholders basis for determining gain or loss upon the sale of stock received in a distribution from us will be equal to the total dollar amount of the distribution payable to the stockholder. As a result, if you do not elect to opt out of the dividend reinvestment plan, you will be required to pay applicable federal, state and local taxes on any reinvested dividends even though you will not receive a corresponding cash distribution. In addition, reinvested dividends have the effect of increasing our gross assets, which may correspondingly increase the management fee payable to our investment adviser.
The plan may be terminated by us upon notice in writing mailed to each participant at least 30 days prior to any record date for the payment of any dividend or distribution by us. All correspondence concerning the plan should be directed to the plan administrator by mail at 59 Maiden Lane, New York, New York 10038 or by phone at (800) 937-5449.
46
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data |
The following selected financial and other data for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, 2012, and for the period from January 6, 2011 (date of inception) to December, 31 2011, respectively, is derived from our financial statements. The data should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and notes thereto and Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, which are included in this Annual Report.
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2014 | Year Ended December 31, 2013 | Year Ended December 31, 2012 | For the period from January 6, 2011 (date of inception) to December 31, 2011 | |||||||||||||
Income Statement Data: |
||||||||||||||||
Total investment income | $ | 185,946 | $ | 48,951 | $ | 248,077 | $ | 162,328 | ||||||||
Total operating expenses | 21,775,939 | 22,083,875 | 8,530,958 | 2,196,192 | ||||||||||||
Benefit for taxes on net investment loss | 8,810,102 | 13,159,268 | | | ||||||||||||
Net investment loss | (12,779,891 | ) | (8,875,656 | ) | (8,282,881 | ) | (2,033,864 | ) | ||||||||
Net realized gain (loss) on investments | 23,926,124 | (21,706,021 | ) | (1,380,519 | ) | | ||||||||||
(Provision)/Benefit for taxes on net realized capital losses/gains | (9,769,036 | ) | 9,426,234 | | | |||||||||||
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments | (5,811,797 | ) | 87,445,149 | (10,170,850 | ) | (1,579,800 | ) | |||||||||
(Provision)/Benefit for taxes on unrealized appreciation/deprecation of investments | 2,371,829 | (30,906,063 | ) | | | |||||||||||
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations | (2,062,771 | ) | 35,383,643 | (19,834,250 | ) | (3,613,664 | ) | |||||||||
Per Common Share Data: |
||||||||||||||||
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations per average share: |
||||||||||||||||
Basic | $ | (0.11 | ) | $ | 1.83 | $ | (1.23 | ) | $ | (1.07 | ) | |||||
Diluted | (0.11 | ) | 1.78 | (1.23 | ) | (1.07 | ) | |||||||||
Weighted Average Common Shares:(2) |
||||||||||||||||
Basic | 19,320,100 | 19,320,100 | 16,096,330 | 3,377,429 | ||||||||||||
Diluted | 19,320,100 | 20,541,014 | 16,096,330 | 3,377,429 | ||||||||||||
Net asset value per share(3) | 14.80 | 14.91 | 13.07 | 12.95 | ||||||||||||
Shares Outstanding at year/period end | 19,320,100 | 19,320,100 | 19,320,100 | 5,520,100 | ||||||||||||
Balance Sheet Data: |
||||||||||||||||
Total assets(1) | $ | 485,646,096 | $ | 377,947,558 | $ | 253,130,728 | $ | 91,798,242 | ||||||||
Convertible senior notes embedded derivative liability | 1,000 | 799,000 | | | ||||||||||||
Convertible senior notes payable 5.25% due September 15, 2018 | 68,462,353 | 68,335,295 | | | ||||||||||||
Total net assets | 285,903,673 | 287,966,444 | 252,582,801 | 71,503,248 |
(1) | During the years ended December 31, 2014, December 31, 2013, December 31, 2012, and for the period from January 6, 2011 (date of inception) to December, 31 2011 total assets increased due to the issuance of convertible senior notes payable in September 2013 as well as multiple equity offerings. Refer to Note 4 for further detail on equity offerings. |
(2) | Weighted average common shares for the period from January 6, 2011 (date of inception) to December 31, 2011 were calculated starting from the issuance of 100 shares as of February 28, 2011. |
(3) | Net asset value per share is based on weighted average basic shares outstanding for the period. |
47
Item 7. | Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about GSV Capital, our current and prospective portfolio investments, our industry, our beliefs, and our assumptions. Words such as anticipates, expects, intends, plans, will, may, continue, believes, seeks, estimates, would, could, should, targets, projects, and variations of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.
The forward looking statements contained in this annual report on Form 10-K involve risks and uncertainties, including statements as to:
| our future operating results; |
| our business prospects and the prospects of our portfolio companies; |
| the impact of investments that we expect to make; |
| our contractual arrangements and relationships with third parties; |
| the dependence of our future success on the general economy and its impact on the industries in which we invest; |
| the ability of our portfolio companies to achieve their objectives; |
| our expected financings and investments; |
| the adequacy of our cash resources and working capital; and |
| the timing of cash flows, if any, from the operations of our portfolio companies. |
These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control and difficult to predict and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in the forward-looking statements, including without limitation:
| an economic downturn could impair our portfolio companies ability to continue to operate, which could lead to the loss of some or all of our equity investments in such portfolio companies, |
| an economic downturn could disproportionately impact the market sectors in which a significant portion of our portfolio is concentrated, causing us to suffer losses in our portfolio, |
| an inability to access the equity markets could impair our investment activities, |
| interest rate volatility could adversely affect our results, particularly if we opt to use leverage as part of our investment strategy, and |
| the risks, uncertainties and other factors we identify in Risk Factors and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K and in our filings with the SEC. |
Although we believe that the assumptions on which these forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove to be inaccurate, and as a result, the forward-looking statements based on those assumptions also could be inaccurate. In light of these and other uncertainties, the inclusion of a projection or forward-looking statement in this annual report on Form 10-K should not be regarded as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved. These risks and uncertainties include those described or identified in Risk Factors and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this annual report on Form 10-K.
48
The following analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes thereto contain elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.
We are an externally managed, non-diversified closed-end management investment company that has elected to be treated as a business development company under the 1940 Act. Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolios total return, principally by seeking capital gains on our equity and equity-related investments. We invest principally in the equity securities of what we believe to be rapidly growing venture capital-backed emerging companies. We acquire our investments through direct investments with prospective portfolio companies, secondary marketplaces for private companies and negotiations with selling stockholders. We may also invest on an opportunistic basis in select publicly-traded equity securities or certain non-U.S. companies that otherwise meet our investment criteria. Our investment activities are managed by GSV Asset Management, and GSV Capital Service Company provides the administrative services necessary for us to operate.
Our investment philosophy is premised on a disciplined approach of identifying high-growth emerging companies across several key industry themes which may include, among others, social mobile, cloud computing and big data, internet commerce, sustainability and education technology. Our investment advisers investment decisions are based on a disciplined analysis of available information regarding each potential portfolio companys business operations, focusing on the companys growth potential, the quality of recurring revenues and cash flow and cost structures, as well as an understanding of key market fundamentals. Many of the companies that our investment adviser evaluates have financial backing from top tier venture capital funds or other financial or strategic sponsors.
We seek to deploy capital primarily in the form of non-controlling equity and equity-related investments, including common stock, warrants, preferred stock and similar forms of senior equity, which may or may not be convertible into a portfolio companys common equity, and convertible debt securities with a significant equity component.
The value of our investment portfolio will change over time due to changes in the fair value of our underlying investments, as well as changes in the composition of our portfolio resulting from purchases and sales of new and follow-on investments. The fair value, as of December 31, 2014, of all of our portfolio investments, excluding U.S. Treasury Bills and Strips, was $370,984,317. The table below summarizes the investments we funded during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014.
49
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||||||
Portfolio Company (Industry) | Q1 Fundings | Q2 Fundings | Q3 Fundings | Q4 Fundings | Total Fundings | |||||||||||||||
AlwaysOn, Inc. (Social Media) | $ | 232,104 | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | 232,104 | ||||||||||
Circle Media (f.k.a. S3 Digital Corp. (d/b/a S3i) (Sports Analytics) | | 90,000 | 410,001 | | 500,001 | |||||||||||||||
Course Hero, Inc. (Online Education)(1) |
| | | 5,000,001 | 5,000,001 | |||||||||||||||
Clever, Inc. (Education Software) | | | | 2,000,001 | 2,000,001 | |||||||||||||||
CUX, Inc. (d/b/a CorpU) (Corporate Education) | | | | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | |||||||||||||||
Dailybreak, Inc. (Social Advertising |
430,000 | | | | 430,000 | |||||||||||||||
Declara, Inc. (Social Cognitive Learning) | | 9,973,479 | | | 9,973,479 | |||||||||||||||
DogVacay, Inc. (Dog Boarding) | | | | 2,499,999 | 2,499,999 | |||||||||||||||
Earlyshares.com (Equity Crowd Funding) | | 224,999 | 24,999 | | 249,998 | |||||||||||||||
EdSurge, Inc. (Education Media Platform) | 482,146 | | | | 482,146 | |||||||||||||||
Enjoy Technology, Inc. (Online Shopping) | | | | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | |||||||||||||||
Fullbridge, Inc. (Business Education) |
1,280,000 | 1,297,620 | | | 2,577,620 | |||||||||||||||
General Assembly Space, Inc. (Online Education) | 5,991,641 | | | | 5,991,641 | |||||||||||||||
NestGSV, Inc. (d.b.a. GSV Labs, Inc.) (Incubator) | 297,000 | 1,145,249 | 501,000 | 899,999 | 2,843,248 | |||||||||||||||
GSV Sustainability Partners (Clean Technology) |
| 596,550 | 350,000 | 3,875,000 | 4,821,550 | |||||||||||||||
JAMF Holdings, Inc. (Mobile Device Management) | 4,996,044 | | | | 4,996,044 | |||||||||||||||
Learnist Inc. (f/k/a Grockit, Inc.) | | | | 1,450,000 | 1,450,000 | |||||||||||||||
Lyft, Inc. (Peer to Peer Ridesharing |
4,999,991 | | | | 4,999,991 | |||||||||||||||
Lytro, Inc. (Plenoptic Camera Maker) | | | | 7,500,001 | 7,500,001 | |||||||||||||||
OzyMedia (Daily News and Information Site) | | | | 4,999,999 | 4,999,999 | |||||||||||||||
Solexel, Inc. (Solar Power) | | | 2,999,999 | | 2,999,999 | |||||||||||||||
StormWind, LLC (Interactive Learning) | 3,092,255 | | 999,997 | | 4,092,252 | |||||||||||||||
Totus Solutions, Inc. (LED Lighting) |
| 75,000 | | | 75,000 | |||||||||||||||
Capitalized Fees | 17,629 | 73,413 | 17,688 | 17,105 | 125,835 | |||||||||||||||
Total Gross Payments | $ | 21,818,810 | $ | 13,476,310 | $ | 5,303,684 | $ | 30,242,105 | $ | 70,840,909 |
(1) | On September 19, 2014, we signed a binding purchase agreement obligating us to buy $5,000,001 of Course Hero Inc.s Series A Preferred Shares. As such, we accrued the investment in our financial statements, on September 19, 2014, although we were not required to fund the investment until the closing date of November 4, 2014. |
50
The table below summarizes the investments we disposed of during the year ended December 31, 2014.
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||||||
Portfolio Company | Quarter | Shares Sold |
Average Net Share Price(1) | Net Proceeds | Realized Gain/(Loss) |
|||||||||||||||
Twitter Inc. | Quarter 3 | 300,000 | $ | 52.27 | $ | 15,681,483 | $ | 10,241,936 | ||||||||||||
Control4 Corporation | Quarter 1 | 203,700 | 22.78 | 4,640,039 | 2,886,302 | |||||||||||||||
Quarter 2 | 579,089 | 18.52 | 10,722,817 | 5,465,113 | ||||||||||||||||
Total Control4 Corporation | 782,789 | 19.63 | 15,362,856 | 8,351,415 | ||||||||||||||||
Facebook, Inc. | Quarter 1 | 150,000 | 63.08 | 9,461,526 | 4,973,399 | |||||||||||||||
Quarter 2 | 25,000 | 64.11 | 1,602,665 | 854,644 | ||||||||||||||||
Total Facebook, Inc. | 175,000 | 63.22 | 11,064,191 | 5,828,043 | ||||||||||||||||
Palantir Technologies | Quarter 3 | 320,000 | 5.50 | 1,759,900 | 889,672 | |||||||||||||||
Palantir Technologies | Quarter 4 | 1,052,000 | 5.76 | 6,059,520 | 3,058,374 | |||||||||||||||
Total Palantir Technologies | 1,372,000 | 5.70 | 7,819,420 | 3,948,046 | ||||||||||||||||
DianRong (f/k/a SinoLending Ltd.) | Quarter 3 | 8,747,476 | 0.49 | 4,281,670 | 3,526,584 | |||||||||||||||
TrueCar, Inc. | Quarter 4 | 251,572 | 20.09 | 5,053,570 | 3,038,548 | |||||||||||||||
ZocDoc Inc. | Quarter 3 | 311,866 | 25.00 | 7,788,899 | 2,490,843 | |||||||||||||||
Silver Spring Networks, Inc. | Quarter 2 | 102,028 | 15.14 | 1,544,984 | (3,600,272 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Violin Memory, Inc. | Quarter 2 | 1,247,498 | 3.97 | 4,955,220 | (9,864,958 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Totals | $ | 73,552,293 | $ | 23,960,185 |
(1) | The average net share price is the net share price realized after deducting all commissions and fees on the sale(s). |
51
Operating results for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012 are as follows:
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | Per Basic Share |
Total | Per Basic Share |
Total | Per Basic Share |
|||||||||||||||||||
Total Investment Income | $ | 185,946 | 0.01 | $ | 48,951 | 0.00 | $ | 248,077 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||
Interest income | 185,059 | 0.01 | 25,871 | 0.00 | 222,047 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividend income | 887 | 0.00 | 23,080 | 0.00 | 26,030 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total Operating Expenses | 21,775,939 | 1.13 | 22,083,875 | 1.14 | 8,530,958 | 0.53 | ||||||||||||||||||
Investment management fees | 7,562,488 | 0.39 | 5,426,485 | 0.28 | 4,419,345 | 0.27 | ||||||||||||||||||
Accrued incentive fees | 3,614,347 | 0.19 | 10,523,552 | 0.54 | | | ||||||||||||||||||
Costs incurred under our administration agreement |
3,199,904 | 0.17 | 3,089,771 | 0.16 | 2,384,764 | 0.15 | ||||||||||||||||||
Directors' fees | 260,000 | 0.01 | 260,250 | 0.01 | 237,500 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||
Professional fees | 1,764,722 | 0.09 | 876,769 | 0.05 | 959,604 | 0.06 | ||||||||||||||||||
Interest Expense | 5,503,843 | 0.28 | 1,278,997 | 0.07 | 214,306 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||
Insurance Expense | 243,285 | 0.01 | 240,725 | 0.01 | 182,193 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||
Investor Relations Expense |
208,710 | 0.01 | 198,809 | 0.01 | | | ||||||||||||||||||
Other expenses | 216,640 | 0.01 | 89,517 | 0.00 | 133,246 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||
Loss (Gain) on fair value adjustment for embedded derivative | (798,000 | ) | (0.04 | ) | 99,000 | 0.01 | | | ||||||||||||||||
Benefit for taxes on net investment loss | 8,810,102 | 0.46 | 13,159,268 | 0.68 | | | ||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Loss | (12,779,891 | ) | (0.66 | ) | (8,875,656 | ) | (0.46 | ) | (8,282,881 | ) | (0.51 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain (Loss) on Investments | 23,926,124 | 1.24 | (21,706,021 | ) | (1.12 | ) | (1,380,519 | ) | (0.09 | ) | ||||||||||||||
(Provision)/Benefit/for taxes on Net Realized Capital Gains/Losses | (9,769,036 | ) | (0.51 | ) | 9,426,234 | 0.49 | | | ||||||||||||||||
Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) on Investments | (5,811,797 | ) | (0.30 | ) | 87,445,149 | 4.53 | (10,170,850 | ) | (0.63 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Provision/(Benefit) for taxes on Unrealized Appreciation/Depreciation of Investments | 2,371,829 | 0.12 | (30,906,063 | ) | (1.60 | ) | | | ||||||||||||||||
Net Increase (Decrease) in Net Assets Resulting From Operations | $ | (2,062,771 | ) | (0.11 | ) | $ | 35,383,643 | 1.83 | $ | (19,834,250 | ) | (1.23 | ) |
52
Investment income increased to $185,946 for the year ended December 31, 2014, from $48,951 for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase was primarily due to the addition of several new term loans during the year ended December 31, 2014.
Total operating expenses decreased to $21,775,939, for the year ended December 31, 2014, from $22,083,875 for the year ended December 31, 2013. The decrease was primarily due to a significant decrease in accrued incentive fees. This was offset by increases in interest expense, investment management fees, and professional fees, which include legal, valuation, audit and consulting fees. The increases in interest expense resulted from the Convertible Senior Notes and the Credit Facility. These borrowings have enabled us to increase our portfolio and continue to invest in emerging companies. Refer to Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Overview for a further discussion of our investment philosophy. The decrease in incentive fees resulted from the depreciation in our portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2014 relative to the year ended December 31, 2013. The increased management fees are a result of the growth in our total assets, which primarily results from the growth of our investment portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2014 relative to the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase in professional fees, to $1,764,722 during the year ended December 31, 2014 from $876,769 during the year ended December 31, 2013, is primarily attributable to increases in audit fees, compliance costs related to SOX 404 testing, as well as the write-off of deferred offering expenses.
For the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized a benefit for taxes on net investment loss of $8,810,102, compared to a corresponding benefit of $13,159,268 for the year ended December 31, 2013. The decrease in benefit for taxes on net investment loss is due to the fact that fiscal year 2013 was the first year a benefit was recognized, and the benefit was based on the cumulative net operating loss for the period from January 6, 2011 (date of inception) to December 31, 2013.
For the year ended December 31, 2014, net realized gains on investments were $23,926,124. The realized gains resulted primarily from the sales of Twitter, Inc., Control4 Corporation, Facebook, Inc. DianRong (f/k/a SinoLending Ltd.), ZocDoc Inc, and Palantir Technologies, Inc. The gains were offset by losses resulting from the sales of Violin Memory, Inc. and Silver Springs Networks, Inc.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized a realized loss of $21,706,021. The realized loss resulted primarily from our write-offs of Kno, Inc., Top Hat 430, Inc., Serious Energy, Inc., AltEgo, LLC, and Starfish Holdings, Inc., as well as the sales of Groupon, Inc., and Zynga, Inc.
For the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized a provision of $9,769,036 for taxes on net realized capital gains, compared to a corresponding benefit of $9,426,234 for the year ended December 31, 2013. The decrease in benefit for taxes on net realized capital losses is due to the fact that we had net realized gain for the year ended 2014 of approximately $23.9 million.
53
For the year ended December 31, 2014, we had a net change in unrealized depreciation of $5,811,797. For the year ended December 31, 2013, we had a net change in unrealized appreciation of $87,445,149. The following table summarizes, by Portfolio Company, the significant changes in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of the Companys investment portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013.
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Company | Cost | Fair Value | Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
Cost | Fair Value | Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
2U, Inc. (f/k/a 2tor, Inc.) | $ | 12,031,001 | $ | 10,032,117 | $ | 23,342,509 | $ | 13,310,392 | $ | 10,031,318 | $ | 11,310,709 | $ | 1,279,391 | ||||||||||||||
Avenues Global Holdings, LLC | 1,287,770 | 10,151,854 | 11,303,410 | 1,151,556 | 10,150,484 | 10,014,270 | (136,214 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Control4 Corporation(2) |
(6,289,367 | ) | | | | 7,010,762 | 13,300,129 | 6,289,367 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cricket Media (f/k/a ePals Inc.) | (1,373,074 | ) | 2,448,959 | 331,126 | (2,117,833 | ) | 2,444,759 | 1,700,000 | (744,759 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dailybreak, Inc. | (1,637,647 | ) | 2,857,204 | | (2,857,204 | ) | 2,430,950 | 1,211,393 | (1,219,557 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dropbox, Inc. | 9,212,846 | 13,656,926 | 25,068,483 | 11,411,557 | 13,656,486 | 15,855,197 | 2,198,711 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Facebook, Inc.(2) | (4,327,603 | ) | | | | 5,236,147 | 9,563,750 | 4,327,603 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fullbridge, Inc. | (1,599,234 | ) | 6,396,180 | 4,753,412 | (1,642,768 | ) | 3,784,016 | 3,740,482 | (43,534 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
NestGSV, Inc. (d.b.a. GSV Labs, Inc.) | (1,432,690 | ) | 5,038,507 | 3,760,744 | (1,277,763 | ) | 1,627,278 | 1,782,205 | 154,927 | |||||||||||||||||||
Ozy Media, Inc. | 1,872,891 | 8,500,199 | 10,738,090 | 2,237,891 | 3,500,000 | 3,865,000 | 365,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Palantir Technologies, Inc. | 15,498,029 | 17,198,903 | 45,475,315 | 28,276,412 | 21,060,447 | 33,838,830 | 12,778,383 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Silver Spring Networks, Inc.(2) | 3,002,683 | | | | 5,145,271 | 2,142,588 | (3,002,683 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Spotify Technology S.A. | 1,233,464 | 3,598,472 | 5,676,873 | 2,078,401 | 3,598,472 | 4,443,409 | 844,937 | |||||||||||||||||||||
SugarCRM, Inc. | 1,881,141 | 8,299,914 | 11,260,934 | 2,961,020 | 8,299,794 | 9,379,673 | 1,079,879 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Totus Solutions, Inc, | (3,620,982 | ) | 6,101,443 | 207,327 | (5,894,116 | ) | 6,023,973 | 3,750,839 | (2,273,134 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Twitter, Inc. | (39,969,390 | ) | 27,551,563 | 57,413,522 | 29,861,959 | 32,991,111 | 102,822,460 | 69,831,349 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Violin Memory, Inc.(2) |
10,615,550 | | | | 14,819,618 | 4,204,068 | (10,615,550 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other(1) | (2,197,185 | ) | 286,567,472 | 278,950,670 | (7,616,802 | ) | 138,743,468 | 133,323,851 | (5,419,617 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Totals | $ | (5,811,797 | ) | $ | 408,399,713 | $ | 478,282,415 | $ | 69,882,702 | $ | 290,554,354 | $ | 366,248,853 | $ | 75,694,499 |
(1) | Other represents all investments (including U.S. Treasury Bills and U.S. Treasury Strips) whose individual change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) was less than $1,000,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014. |
(2) | Change in unrealized gains and losses for these positions includes the reversal of previously unrealized gains and losses on these positions that were realized when the position was sold. |
For the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized a benefit for taxes of $2,371,829 on unrealized depreciation of investments.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized a provision for taxes of $30,906,063 on unrealized appreciation of investments.
The change between the two periods is due to the fact that the change in unrealized appreciation from investments decreased from $87.4 million to $(5.8) million as shown in the table above. The change in unrealized appreciation for the year ended December 31, 2013 was primarily due to the initial public offering of Twitter, Inc.
54
For the year ended December 31, 2014, the net decrease in net assets resulting from operations was $2,062,771.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, the net increase in net assets resulting from operations was $35,383,643.
The decrease in net assets resulting from operations for the year ended December 31, 2014, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, is the result of the change in unrealized depreciation of the portfolio as a whole, which was partially offset by the increase in realized gains and decreased operating expenses.
One of the primary drivers of the change in unrealized depreciation was the decline of Twitters stock price. Twitter is our largest position and comprises 15.5% of total portfolio value at December 31, 2014. Twitters stock price declined from $63.65 on December 31, 2013 to $35.87 per share on December 31, 2014. The net effect of this decline was to decrease our net assets by $48.3 million, or approximately $2.50 per share.
The per-share figures noted above are based on a weighted-average of 19,320,100 shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we had investment income of $48,951, which consisted of $25,871 of interest income from our portfolio investments and $23,080 of dividend income from our money market investments which were held during 2013 but liquidated in the fourth quarter of 2013.
For the year ended December 31, 2012, we had investment income of $248,077, which consisted of $222,047 of interest income from our portfolio investments and $26,030 of dividend income from our money market investments.
The decrease in investment income for the year ended December 31, 2013 relative to the year ended December 31, 2012, was primarily due to the decrease in interest income earned. This resulted from a smaller average loan portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2013, relative to the year ended December 31, 2012.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we had $22,083,875 in total operating expenses consisting primarily of incentive fees, and to a lesser extent, investment management fees, administration fees, the loss on fair value adjustment for embedded derivative, interest expense on the Convertible Senior Notes, in addition to legal, audit and consulting fees. This represents a substantial increase when compared to operating expenses of $8,530,958 incurred during the year ended December 31, 2012, which consisted primarily of investment management fees and administration fees, in addition to legal, audit and consulting fees. This increase is partially attributable to the fact that we recognized accrued incentive fees of $10,523,552 for the year ended December 31, 2013, whereas we recognized no accrued incentive fees for the year ended December 31, 2012. In addition, the investment advisory fee for the year ended December 31, 2013, was $5,426,485, representing the base management fee as provided in our investment advisory agreement. Our base management fee for the year ended December 31, 2013 was significantly higher than the $4,419,345 fee incurred during the year ended December 31, 2012, largely due to an increase in our gross assets. Costs incurred under our administration agreement for the year ended December 31, 2013, were $3,089,771, compared to $2,384,764 for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase in costs incurred under the administration agreement is attributable to the increase in our gross assets during the same time period. The loss on fair value adjustment for embedded derivative and the interest expense on the Convertible Senior Notes were $99,000 and $1,278,997, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2013. The Convertible Senior Notes were added in September 2013 causing us to incur interest expense. For the year ended December 31, 2012 we had no interest bearing liabilities.
55
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized a benefit for taxes on net investment loss of $13,159,268.
For the year ended December 31, 2012, we recognized no benefit for taxes on net investment loss.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized a realized loss of $21,706,021. The realized loss resulted primarily from our write-offs of Top Hat 430, Inc., Serious Energy, Inc., AltEgo, LLC, and Starfish Holdings, Inc., as well as the sales of Groupon, Inc., and Zynga, Inc.
For the year ended December 31, 2012, we recognized a realized loss of $1,380,519. The realized loss was primarily the result of a realized loss on our investment in PJB Fund LLC. The note matured and was repaid by transfer of shares of common stock of Zynga, Inc.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized a benefit for tax of $9,426,234 on net realized capital losses.
For the year ended December 31, 2012, we recognized no benefit for tax on net realized capital losses.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we had a net change in unrealized appreciation of $87,445,149. For the year ended December 31, 2012, we had a net change in unrealized depreciation of $10,170,850. The following table summarizes, by Portfolio Company, the significant changes in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of the Companys investment portfolio company for the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Company | Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost | Fair Value | Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
Cost | Fair Value | Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
2U, Inc. (f/k/a 2tor, Inc.) | $ | 1,310,329 | $ | 10,031,318 | $ | 11,310,709 | $ | 1,279,391 | $ | 10,030,724 | $ | 9,999,786 | $ | (30,938 | ) | |||||||||||||
4C Insights (f.k.a The Echo Systems Corp.) |
(1,478,693 | ) | 1,512,392 | 229,234 | (1,283,158 | ) | 1,512,392 | 1,707,927 | 195,535 | |||||||||||||||||||
Chegg, Inc. | (5,643,621 | ) | 14,022,863 | 8,551,589 | (5,471,274 | ) | 14,021,197 | 14,193,544 | 172,347 | |||||||||||||||||||
Control4 Corporation | 6,176,725 | 7,010,762 | 13,300,129 | 6,289,367 | 7,011,025 | 7,123,667 | 112,642 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Dailybreak, Inc. | (1,212,840 | ) | 2,430,950 | 1,211,393 | (1,219,557 | ) | 2,000,000 | 1,993,283 | (6,717 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dropbox, Inc. | 1,417,851 | 13,656,486 | 15,855,197 | 2,198,711 | 13,656,486 | 14,437,346 | 780,860 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Facebook Inc | 5,482,897 | 5,236,147 | 9,563,750 | 4,327,603 | 10,472,294 | 9,317,000 | (1,155,294 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Groupon Inc. | 1,739,974 |